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ESBRA NEWS BIOMEDICAL ALCOHOL RESEARCH IN FINLAND
Lindros, Kai
Articles
Oxford University Press
1992-09-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://alcalc.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/27/5/463
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Copyright (C) 1992, Medical Council on Alcohol
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INVITED REVIEW: IS THERE A SAFE LEVEL OF DRINKING?: A STUDENT'S VIEW
CATARINO, PEDRO A.
Articles
Oxford University Press
1992-09-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://alcalc.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/27/5/465
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Copyright (C) 1992, Medical Council on Alcohol
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RAPID COMMUNICATION: PLASMA {beta}-ENDORPHIN, BUT NOT MET-ENKEPHALIN LEVELS ARE ABNORMAL IN CHRONIC ALCOHOLICS
VESCOVI, P. P.
COIRO, V.
VOLPI, R.
GIANNINI, A.
PASSERI, M.
Articles
Plasma β-endorphin, met-enkephalin and ACTH concentrations were measured in 20 male alcoholics (age: 32–60 yr; duration of ethanol addiction: 13.2 ± 6.2 yr; mean ± SE) immediately after admission to the hospital (at a time not exceeding 8 hr from the last ethanol consumption) and after 5 weeks of forced abstinence. The results were compared with those obtained in 12 age-matched normal controls. Plasma ACTH and met-enkephalin levels were normal in alcoholics on both occasions. In contrast, in samples taken at admission to the hospital, the circulating concentrations of β-endorphin in alcoholics were half (17.1 ± 5.3 pg/ml; mean ± SE) of those observed in the normal controls (34.1 ± 6.0). β-endorphin levels rose significantly after 5 weeks of abstinence (30.1 ± 4.9); at this time, they were not significantly different from those observed in normal controls. These data indicate that acute alcohol consumption induces significant alterations in plasma β-endorphin, but not met-enkephalin levels, which are reversed after 5 weeks of abstinence.
Oxford University Press
1992-09-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://alcalc.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/27/5/471
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Copyright (C) 1992, Medical Council on Alcohol
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RAPID COMMUNICATION: BIPHASIC EFFECT OF ETHANOL ON NORADRENALINE RELEASE IN THE FRONTAL CORTEX OF AWAKE RATS
ROSSETTI, ZVANIL
LONGU, GIORGIO
MERCURO, GIUSEPPE
HMAIDAN, YOUSEF
GESSA, GIAN LUIGI
Articles
Ethanol elicited a biphasic effects on the extracellular noradrenaline (NA) concentrations in the rat frontal cortex, as assessed by microdialysis in awake animals. A low dose of ethanol (0.2 g/kg i.p.) raised NA output to about 160% of baseline levels. In contrast, a dose of 2 g/kg inhibited NA output to about 70% of pre-drug levels. These results suggest that the decrease in cortical NA output may reflect the sedative-hypnotic properties of ethanol at high doses, whereas the stimulation of extraneuronal NA may represnt a biochemical correlate of the arousal and increased alertness elicited by low doses of ethanol.
Oxford University Press
1992-09-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://alcalc.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/27/5/477
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Copyright (C) 1992, Medical Council on Alcohol
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REPORTS OF PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS AND ALCOHOL USE: FINDINGS FROM A PRIMARY HEALTH CARE SAMPLE
TRACY, JOSEPH I.
GORMAN, D. M.
LEVENTHAL, ELAINE A.
Articles
The relationship between alcohol consumption and physical health was examined in a primary health care sample of 366 adults. Unlike many previous studies that relied on static measures of medical diagnoses, the data reported here are repeated assessments of self-reported symptoms and alcohol use over 12 months. The results suggest, first, that drinking patterns in non-alcoholic samples fluctuate over time, and, second, that abstainers who have more prior illnesses or worse current health consistently report the greatest number of physical symptoms. The data highlight the importance of accounting for the health status of abstainers before comparing them with users of alcohol, and suggest that the presence of physical symptoms in addition to objective indices of health (e.g. the need for medication) may play a role in the initiation or maintenance of abstinence.
Oxford University Press
1992-09-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://alcalc.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/27/5/481
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Copyright (C) 1992, Medical Council on Alcohol
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ETHANOL-INDUCED CHRONIC MYOPATHY IN THE YOUNG RAT: A LIGHT AND ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC STUDY IN TYPE I OR TYPE II FIBRE-RICH SKELETAL MUSCLES
SALISBURY, JONATHAN R.
PREEDY, VICTOR R.
ROSE, PETER E.
DEVERELL, MARK H.
PETERS, TIMOTHY J.
Articles
An investigation was made into the characteristics of an experimental chronic alcoholic myopathy in the young rat. Male Wistar rats were fed a diet for 6 weeks in which ethanol comprised 36% of total energy. Controls were pair-fed the same diet except ethanol was substituted by isoenergic glucose. Soleus (type I fibre-rich) and plantaris (type II fibre-rich) muscles were examined by light microscopy, histochemistry and electron microscopy. Muscles from ethanol-fed rats showed a low-grade myopathy and the diameters of individual type II fibres were reduced. Infrequent atrophic fibres were necrotic and undergoing phagocytosis. Ultrastructurally, there were no observable differences in the subcellular organelles of the alcohol-fed and control rats. It was concluded that alcohol causes a specific myopathic process in the rat, selectively affecting type II fibres. These changes correlate well with the abnormalities seen in human chronic alcoholic myopathy.
Oxford University Press
1992-09-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://alcalc.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/27/5/493
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Copyright (C) 1992, Medical Council on Alcohol
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METADOXINE (PYRROLIDONE CARBOXYLATE OF PYRIDOXINE) ANTAGONIZES THE LOCOMOTOR-STIMULATORY EFFECT OF ETHANOL IN MICE
GARAU, BRUNO
FADDA, FABIO
MELIS, FRANCO
GELSO, ENZA
GESSA, GIAN LUIGI
Articles
The effects of metadoxine (pyrrolidone-carboxylic acid; PCA) and pyridoxine on the locomotor responses to ethanol in mice were compared. Metadoxine (200 and 400 mg/kg i.p.) and PCA (86 and 172 mg/kg) prevented, in a dose-related manner, the locomotor stimulant effect of a low dose of ethanol (1.5 g/kg i.p.), whereas pyridoxine (228 mg/kg i.p.) was completely ineffective. Neither compound modified the sedative effect of a high ethanol dose (2.5 g/kg i.p.). The results indicate that the antagonistic effect of metadoxine on ethanol stimulant response is due to the PCA component of the molecule.
Oxford University Press
1992-09-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://alcalc.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/27/5/501
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Copyright (C) 1992, Medical Council on Alcohol
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EFFECT OF ETHANOL ON THE IN VIVO KINETICS OF THIAMINE PHOSPHORYLATION AND DEPHOSPHORYLATION IN DIFFERENT ORGANS OF RAT--II. ACUTE EFFECTS
RINDI, G.
REGGIANI, C.
PATRINI, C.
GASTALDI, G.
LAFORENZA, U.
Articles
The effects of acute ethanol administration on different steps of thiamine (T), thiamine monophosphate (TMP) and pyrosphosphate (TPP) metabolism were determined <it>in vivo</it> in nervous tissues (cerebral cortex, cerebellum, brain stem and sciatic nerve) and in other tissues (small intestinal mucosa, kidney, heart, skeletal muscle and liver) of rats. The radioactivity of T and its phosphoesters in plasma and tissues was determined under steady-state conditions and at fixed time intervals (0.25–24 hr) after an i.p. injection of Thiazole-[2-14C]-thiamine (30 μg: 1.25 μCi) in the presence of a constant plasma ethanol concentration (37 mM; 1.75 g.l−1) produced by repeated intragastric administration of ethanol. Control animals received water intragastrically. Ethanol-treated rats and controls were starved, with water <it>ad libitum</it> during the 24 hr study period. Data were evaluated by using appropriate compartmental models, which allowed calculation of fractional rate constants, turnover rates and turnover times. In nervous tissues ethanol enhanced TMP entry (without affecting T entry or T and TMP release), reduced turnover time of total T and TPP, caused an almost general enhancement of TPP dephosphorylation without affecting T pyrophosphorylation, and increased markedly T content in the mixture released by tissues. Overall, ethanol appeared to enhance exchanges of T compounds in nervous tissues. In other tissues, the effects of ethanol were less consistent. Ethanol increased T uptake in kidney and liver and T release in liver and heart, but had no effect on T exchanges in the small intestinal mucosa and in skeletal muscle. In the presence of ethanol, TMP uptake increased in heart and skeletal muscle and decreased in the small intestinal mucosa, while TMP release decreased in heart and remained unchanged in all other organs. Turnover times tended to increase for total T and to decrease for TPP. T pyrophosphorylation was generally reduced, and T phosphates dephosphorylation generally enhanced. T became the most abundant component in the mixture released from all tissues.
Oxford University Press
1992-09-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://alcalc.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/27/5/505
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Copyright (C) 1992, Medical Council on Alcohol
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THE CONCENTRATION OF THIAMIN AND THIAMIN PHOSPHATE ESTERS IN PATIENTS WITH ALCOHOLIC LIVER CIRRHOSIS
TALLAKSEN, C. M. E.
BELL, H.
BØHMER, T.
Articles
The blood and plasma concentrations of thiamin and thiamin phosphate esters were determined concomitantly by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) in 22 patients with alcoholic liver cirrhosis, and also in 10 of them 24 hr after a 100 mg thiamin i.m. injection. Sixteen patients were abstaining from alcohol at the time of the study, 6 were currently misusing alcohol. The control group included 30 healthy volunteers, of whom 10 were given the same thiamin injection as the patients. Blood thiamin diphosphate was the only compound decreased in the abstaining patients compared to controls (70.9 ± 21.9 nmol/l <it>vs</it>. 84.4 ± 19.0 nmol/l), but all thiamin compounds in blood and plasma were decreased in the misusing patients. All thiamin compounds (except blood monophosphate) were also significantly lower in the misusing than in the abstaining patients (plasma thiamin: 5.3 ± 1.3 <it>vs</it>. 11.7 ± 8.3 nmol/l; plasma monophosphate: 1.0 ± 1.1 <it>vs</it>. 4.1 ± 2.9 nmol/l; blood diphosphate: 45.7 ± 18.3 <it>vs</it>. 70.9 ± 21.9 nmol/l). Thiamin phosphorylation ratio was decreased in the thiamin administration compared to controls (2.83 ± 0.74 <it>vs</it>. 3.68 ± 0.58). Plasma thiamin was higher in the abstaining patients than in the controls (11.7 ± 8.4 nmol/l <it>vs</it>. 7.3 ± 2.5 nmol/l), and above the mean + 2 SD of the controls in 31% of the abstaining patients. In conclusion, current ethanol misuse is associated with low thiamin concentrations, and liver cirrhosis is associated with a decreased thiamin diphosphate concentration and thiamin phosphorylation.
Oxford University Press
1992-09-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://alcalc.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/27/5/523
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Copyright (C) 1992, Medical Council on Alcohol
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TRH TEST IN ALCOHOLICS: RELATIONSHIP OF THE ENDOCRINE RESULTS WITH NEURORADIOLOGICAL AND: NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL FINDINGS
MARCHESI, CARLO
DE RISIO, CARLO
CAMPANINI, GINO
MAGGINI, CARLO
PIAZZA, PAOLO
GRASSI, MARIO
CHIODERA, PAOLO
COIRO, VITTORIO
Articles
Neuroradiological, neuropsychological and neuroendocrine parameters were evaluated in 20 non-depressed alcoholic men after 4 weeks (<it>N</it> = 11) or after at least 1 year (<it>N</it> = 9) of abstinence from alcohol and in normal men (<it>N</it> = 9). With regard to normal controls, 4-week abstinent alcoholics showed larger lateral and third ventricles, without modification in the number of cerebral sulci, and altered scores of tests evaluating subcortical and frontal function. Furthermore, in these patients the TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone) and PRL (prolactin) responses to thyrotropin releasing hormone were higher than in controls, suggesting a reduced hypothalamic control of TSH and PRL secretion. Taken together, these findings suggest the presence of a frontal-subcortical disorder in alcoholics. Patients who had been abstinent from alcohol for at least 1 year were not distinguishable from controls for neuroradiological, neuropsychological and neuroendocrine findings, suggesting that the alcohol-related brain alterations are reversible after a long period of abstinence.
Oxford University Press
1992-09-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://alcalc.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/27/5/531
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Copyright (C) 1992, Medical Council on Alcohol
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INTESTINAL IRON ABSORPTION IN CHRONIC ALCOHOLICS
DUANE, P.
RAJA, K. B.
SIMPSON, R. J.
PETERS, T. J.
Articles
Chronic alcohol misusers frequently accumulate significant amounts of excess iron, but the mechanism of this loading is unknown. <it>In vivo</it> whole-body retention studies demonstrated, on average, a two-fold increase in intestinal iron absorption in six male chronic alcoholics. Degrees of iron loading as assessed by serum ferritin or hepatic iron levels did not correlate with alcohol consumption or liver function tests. <it>In vitro</it> studies of iron uptake at varying medium iron concentrations by duodenal mucosa biopsies showed increased iron uptake by tissue from the chronic alcoholics, particularly at the highest medium iron concentration used. Analysis of the uptake data showed similar Michaelis-Menten kinetic constants for uptake by tissue from control subjects and alcoholics. The analysis showed, in addition, a linear component for 59Fe uptake. This component was five-fold greater for the tissue from the chronic alcoholics compared to the controls at the highest medium iron concentration. 57Co-cyanocobalamin was included in the incubation medium as a tissue extracellular fluid marker (ECF). It was found that the apparent distribution volume of the ECF marker, reflecting tissue permeability, was 75% higher for the biopsies from the alcoholics compared to control subjects. These results, together with the previous reports of enhanced in vitro and in vivo intestinal permeability to 51Cr-EDTA in chronic alcoholics, indicate that unregulated increased iron absorption via the non-carrier-mediated paracellular route contributes to the iron overload in chronic alcoholics.
Oxford University Press
1992-09-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://alcalc.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/27/5/539
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Copyright (C) 1992, Medical Council on Alcohol
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CO-VARIATION BETWEEN BIOLOGICAL MARKERS AND SELF-REPORTED ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION A TWO-YEAR STUDY OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CHANGES IN CONSUMPTION AND CHANGES IN THE BIOLOGICAL MARKERS GAMMA-GLUTAMYL TRANSPEPTIDASE (GGT) AND AVERAGE VOLUME PER ERYTHROCYTE (MCV) AMONG PROBLEM DRINKERS
DUCKERT, FANNY
JOHNSEN, JON
AMUNDSEN, ARVID
STRØMME, JOHAN
MØRLAND, JÖRG
Articles
Co-variations between self-reported alcohol consumption and the biological markers MCV (average volume per erythrocyte) and GGT (gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase) over a 2-year period were studied in a group of 84 men and 53 women recruited to out-patient treatment by advertisements in the press. Upon admission, the drinking pattern of the participants during the preceding year was registered in detail. The participants were also medically examined, and blood samples taken. All the participants were followed up by new personal interviews, medical examinations and new blood sampling after 3, 9, 25 and 21 months. For the group as a whole, alcohol consumption was significantly lower at the end of the observation period than at admission. GGT was also decreased, but not MCV. Both self-reported consumption and the values for the biological markers showed large inter-individual and intra-individual variations during the observation period. The biological markers seemed to co-vary to a limited degree with changes in reported consumption. Both GGT and MCV seemed to have a low sensitivity but a high specificity to changes in consumption. Both markers also seemed to be somewhat more useful in identifying decreases than increases in consumption. The markers GGT and MCV should be used with caution in connection with therapeutic counselling to individuals.
Oxford University Press
1992-09-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://alcalc.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/27/5/545
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Copyright (C) 1992, Medical Council on Alcohol
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EVALUATION OF PLASMA CHOLESTERYL ESTER TRANSFER PROTEIN (CETP) ACTIVITY AS A MARKER OF ALCOHOLISM
HANNUKSELA, MINNA
KESANIEMI, Y. ANTERO
SAVOLAINEN, MARKKU J.
Articles
Plasma cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) activity was measured in 52 alcoholics and 38 controls and compared with conventional laboratory markers of alcoholism. Mean daily alcohol intake was 180 g/day among the alcoholics and 10 g/day among the controls. Plasma CETP activity was 26% lower in the alcoholics (<it>P</it> < 0.001) and was inversely correlated with daily alcohol intake (<it>r</it> = −0.288, <it>P</it> < 0.05). CETP activity detected 63% of the alcoholics, and its specificity was 82% if the cut-off point was set at the mean CETP activity of the controls −1 SD. The mean −2 SD gave a very low sensitivity for CETP (8%) and cannot be used as its cut-off point. The sensitivities and specificities of gamma glutamyltransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, mean corpuscular volume and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol were similar to those of CETP activity when the cut-off point for CETP was mean −1 SD. The results thus indicate that plasma CETP activity is not sufficient as a single marker of alcoholism but could be used as an additional method to detect alcohol misuse, although its wide variation in normal population and the elaborate analysis limit its usefulness.
Oxford University Press
1992-09-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://alcalc.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/27/5/557
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Copyright (C) 1992, Medical Council on Alcohol
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SERUM TRYPSIN-LIKE ACTIVITY IN CHRONIC ALCOHOLIZED MEN: POSSIBLE RELATIONSHIP WITH LIPIDS, apoA-1 AND apoB LIPOPROTEINS
JOLY, J. P.
SESBOÜÉ, R.
HILLEMAND, B.
MARTIN, J. P.
Articles
Chronic alcoholization is known to increase plasma trypsin levels. One-hundred and forty-six male chronic alcohol users were tested for serum trypsin-like activity (STA), total cholesterol (TC), LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C), HDL-/cholesterol (HDL-C), triglycerides (TG), apoA-1 and apoB lipoproteins. STA was positively correlated to LDL-C, TG and apoB rates and the CT/HDL-C index and negatively correlated to HDL-C and apoA-1 rates and the apoA-1/ apoB index. Eighty-four patients with high STA (group B) compared to 62 patients with normal STA (group A) showed significantly higher LDL-C, TG, apoB rates and TC/HDL-C index contrasting with significantly lower HDL-C and apoA-1 rates and the apoA-1/apoB index. The two groups were matched for age, overweight, cigarette smoking and glycemia. Hepatic dysfunction does not explain the differences in the lipoproteic parameters. Such results would suggest that there may be a tryptic alteration of apoproteins <it>in vivo</it> as already demonstrated <it>in vitro</it> and experimentally suspected in vivo in some other studies. Competition by the trypsinactivated α<inf>2</inf> macroglobulin for the chylomicron-remnant LDL receptor-related protein may be evoked.
Oxford University Press
1992-09-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://alcalc.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/27/5/563
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BOOK REVIEWS
McMURROUGH, I.
Book Reviews
Oxford University Press
1992-09-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://alcalc.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/27/5/571-a
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Copyright (C) 1992, Medical Council on Alcohol
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BOOK REVIEWS
RITSON, E. B.
Book Reviews
Oxford University Press
1992-09-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://alcalc.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/27/5/571
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Copyright (C) 1992, Medical Council on Alcohol
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BOOK REVIEWS
DAVIDSON, ROBIN
Book Reviews
Oxford University Press
1992-09-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://alcalc.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/27/5/572-a
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Copyright (C) 1992, Medical Council on Alcohol
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BOOK REVIEWS
CAMERON, DOUGLAS
Book Reviews
Oxford University Press
1992-09-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://alcalc.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/27/5/572
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BOOK REVIEWS
GLASS, ILANA
Book Reviews
Oxford University Press
1992-09-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://alcalc.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/27/5/573-a
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Copyright (C) 1992, Medical Council on Alcohol
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BOOK REVIEWS
WAWMAN, R. J.
Book Reviews
Oxford University Press
1992-09-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://alcalc.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/27/5/573
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BOOK REVIEWS
SEITZ, HELMUT K.
Book Reviews
Oxford University Press
1992-09-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://alcalc.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/27/5/574-a
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Copyright (C) 1992, Medical Council on Alcohol
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BOOK REVIEWS
SMITH, G. D.
Book Reviews
Oxford University Press
1992-09-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://alcalc.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/27/5/574
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Copyright (C) 1992, Medical Council on Alcohol
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BOOK REVIEWS
TAYLOR, D. J. W.
Book Reviews
Oxford University Press
1992-09-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://alcalc.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/27/5/575
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Copyright (C) 1992, Medical Council on Alcohol
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CALENDAR
Calendar
Oxford University Press
1992-09-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://alcalc.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/27/5/577
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Copyright (C) 1992, Medical Council on Alcohol
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NOTICES
Notices
Oxford University Press
1992-09-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://alcalc.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/27/5/578
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Copyright (C) 1992, Medical Council on Alcohol