2024-03-29T05:32:03Zhttp://open-archive.highwire.org/handler
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:alcalc:35/3/2252015-05-19HighWireOUPalcalc:35:3
ALCOHOL EDUCATION FOR GENERAL PRACTITIONERS IN THE UNITED KINGDOM -- A WINDOW OF OPPORTUNITY?
McAVOY, BRIAN R.
INVITED REVIEW
Alcohol misuse is a major public health problem. In the UK, general practitioners are perceived as key players in prevention and management of alcohol problems, but may not be prepared sufficiently to undertake this work. A systematic review of the literature by computerized search of the Medline database, hand search of review article citations and a survey of relevant educational and training organizations and agencies were undertaken. Although there is no shortage of educational materials, there has been little evaluation of their effectiveness. A need for more training and support has been identified, but this requires better co-ordination and a more multidisciplinary approach. Forthcoming changes in the National Health Service and the organization of continuing professional development offer a unique opportunity to advance this agenda.
Oxford University Press
2000-05-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://alcalc.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/35/3/225
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/alcalc/35.3.225
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Copyright (C) 2000, Medical Council on Alcohol
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:alcalc:35/3/2302015-05-19HighWireOUPalcalc:35:3
ACTIVATED MACROPHAGES INCREASE THE SUSCEPTIBILITY OF RAT HEPATOCYTES TO ETHANOL-INDUCED OXIDATIVE STRESS: CONFLICTING EFFECTS OF NITRIC OXIDE
GRIFFON, B.
CILLARD, J.
CHEVANNE, M.
MOREL, I.
CILLARD, P.
SERGENT, O.
ORIGINAL ARTICLES
The aim of this study was to examine how macrophages could act on ethanol-induced oxidative stress in rat hepatocytes during inflammatory conditions, well-known to induce nitric oxide (NO) synthase. For this purpose, RAW 264.7 macrophages were added to primary rat hepatocyte cultures. Co-cultures were then supplemented with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and interferon γ (IFN) for 18 h, in order to induce NO synthase before the addition of 50 mM ethanol. In cultures of hepatocytes alone, the addition of LPS and IFN protected from ethanol-induced oxidative stress. It has been shown previously that NO generated in hepatocytes was responsible for this effect. When macrophages were added to primary rat hepatocyte cultures supplemented with LPS and IFN, protection provided by NO against ethanol-induced oxidative stress in hepatocytes ceased. Using a pretreatment of macrophages with Ng-monomethyl-l-arginine, a NO synthase inhibitor, it was concluded that NO generated by macrophages was responsible for macrophage toxicity. Taken together, our observations suggest that NO biosynthesis in hepatocytes protects them from ethanol-induced oxidative stress, whereas NO production in macrophages deprives hepatocytes of this NO protection.
Oxford University Press
2000-05-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://alcalc.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/35/3/230
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/alcalc/35.3.230
en
Copyright (C) 2000, Medical Council on Alcohol
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:alcalc:35/3/2362015-05-19HighWireOUPalcalc:35:3
ETHANOL INHIBITS SKELETAL MUSCLE CELL PROLIFERATION AND DELAYS ITS DIFFERENTIATION IN CELL CULTURE
GARRIGA, J.
ADANERO, E.
FERNÁNDEZ-SOLÁ, J.
URBANO-MÁRQUEZ, A.
CUSSÓ, R.
ORIGINAL ARTICLES
Chronic ingestion of ethanol (EtOH) produces physiological and morphological alterations in skeletal muscle. The effects of EtOH on skeletal muscle have been studied in experimental animals or on biopsies from alcoholic patients. However, alterations in skeletal muscle from alcoholic patients could be secondary to the effects of EtOH on the nervous system. In this study, by assaying the action of EtOH on primary skeletal muscle cell cultures, we provide evidence of its direct effect on skeletal muscle proliferation and differentiation. The results indicate that EtOH: (1) significantly inhibits skeletal muscle cell proliferation at the beginning of the proliferation phase; (2) delays skeletal muscle differentiation, shown by the significant changes in the evolution of the percentage of the creatine kinase isozymes; (3) has no significant effect on skeletal muscle DNA or protein content during the proliferation phase.
Oxford University Press
2000-05-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://alcalc.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/35/3/236
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/alcalc/35.3.236
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Copyright (C) 2000, Medical Council on Alcohol
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:alcalc:35/3/2422015-05-19HighWireOUPalcalc:35:3
RESPONSE TO ALCOHOL IN DAUGHTERS OF ALCOHOLICS: A PILOT STUDY AND A COMPARISON WITH SONS OF ALCOHOLICS
SCHUCKIT, MARC A.
SMITH, TOM L.
KALMIJN, JELGER
TSUANG, JOHN
HESSELBROCK, VICTOR
BUCHOLZ, KATHLEEN
ORIGINAL ARTICLES
Drinking, but not alcohol-dependent, 18–29-year-old daughters of alcoholics (<it>n</it> = 38) from the Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism were compared to 75 family-history-positive (FHP) men from the same families, and 68 family-history-negative (FHN) male controls. Subjects received 0.75 ml/kg of ethanol (for women), 0.9 ml/kg of ethanol (for men), and placebo, each of which was consumed over 8 min on different occasions. The breath-alcohol concentrations (BrAC) and reactions to alcohol [using the Subjective High Assessment Scale (SHAS) and body sway measures] were evaluated over 210 min. The results indicate that, despite slightly higher BrAC values for the FHP men, on the SHAS the FHP women and the FHP men demonstrated significantly lower scores than the FHN male controls, although the values for FHP men and women did not differ. On body sway, the FHP men showed evidence of less alcohol-related increases than FHN men, and there was a trend in the same direction for FHP women, but only early in the session (e.g. at 60 min). Pilot data for 11 FHN women revealed higher scores for both SHAS and body sway at 60 min, compared to FHP women, but, perhaps reflecting the small number of subjects, the family history differences were not significant. Overall, the results in FHP women resemble those for FHP men, and suggest that a low level of response to alcohol might also be a characteristic of daughters of alcoholics.
Oxford University Press
2000-05-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://alcalc.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/35/3/242
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/alcalc/35.3.242
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Copyright (C) 2000, Medical Council on Alcohol
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:alcalc:35/3/2492015-05-19HighWireOUPalcalc:35:3
ADENYLYL CYCLASE ACTIVITY IS INCREASED IN YOUNGER, BUT DECREASED IN OLDER, ALCOHOLIC PATIENTS AFTER DETOXIFICATION
DAHMEN, NORBERT
PAULY, THORSTEN
SZEGEDI, ARMIN
WETZEL, HERMANN
ANGHELESCU, ION
FERDINAND, KIRSTEN
HIEMKE, CHRISTOPH
ORIGINAL ARTICLES
Acute and chronic administration of ethanol leads to alterations of the adenylyl cyclase (AC) signal transduction pathway. This study examined whether the formation of cAMP by AC in lymphocytes correlates with age in alcoholic patients and in healthy controls. Blood was drawn for preparation of lymphocyte membranes and for determination of basal, GTPγS-stimulated, and forskolin-stimulated AC activity from 68 actively drinking alcoholic patients (age, mean ± SD: 45 ± 10; range: 26–69 years) after ethanol detoxification. The patients' AC activity correlated negatively with age. In contrast, no effect of age was observed in the healthy controls (age, mean ± SD: 42 ± 11; range: 24–65 years). The age-related decrease in AC activity of alcoholic patients could not be attributed to the duration of regular alcohol intake. It was partly due to the large variance of AC activity in younger and middle-aged alcoholics.
Oxford University Press
2000-05-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://alcalc.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/35/3/249
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/alcalc/35.3.249
en
Copyright (C) 2000, Medical Council on Alcohol
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:alcalc:35/3/2552015-05-19HighWireOUPalcalc:35:3
DO DRINKING SURVEYS PREDICT CHANGES IN POPULATION-BASED ALCOHOL PROBLEM INDICATORS?
SMART, REGINALD G.
SUURVALI, HELEN M.
MANN, ROBERT E.
ORIGINAL ARTICLES
We examined per capita alcohol consumption and survey-based measures of alcohol use in Ontario in relation to indicators of alcohol problems for the period 1977–1997. Per capita consumption and percentage of daily drinkers were significantly related to problem indicators, but percentage of drinkers and percentage of heavy drinkers were not. Of the measures we examined, per capita consumption was the strongest indicator of alcohol problems.
Oxford University Press
2000-05-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://alcalc.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/35/3/255
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/alcalc/35.3.255
en
Copyright (C) 2000, Medical Council on Alcohol
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:alcalc:35/3/2592015-05-19HighWireOUPalcalc:35:3
GENERAL PRACTICE NURSES' KNOWLEDGE OF ALCOHOL USE AND MISUSE: A QUESTIONNAIRE SURVEY
OWENS, LYNN
GILMORE, IAN T.
PIRMOHAMED, MUNIR
ORIGINAL ARTICLES
Nurses in general practice (termed practice nurses) are an under-utilized resource for the detection and management of patients with alcohol misuse. However, little is known about their knowledge and attitudes towards alcohol use and misuse. We therefore conducted a postal questionnaire survey of 132 practice nurses in Liverpool (UK). The results of our survey (response rate 77%) show that a knowledge and skills gap exists in the delivery of effective advice on alcohol-related issues. Indeed, our results suggest that only one in two women and one in three men are receiving correct advice on sensible limits of alcohol consumption, this despite the fact that alcohol histories are taken. Further training was requested by most nurses to develop their screening and health promotion roles, and to become involved in the management of patients with alcohol-related problems in primary care. We suggest practice nurses should be encouraged to become involved in screening for, and management of, alcohol-related problems. However, it is important to ensure that the nurses receive appropriate training and have adequate back-up facilities from doctors and other workers involved in the care of patients with alcohol-related problems.
Oxford University Press
2000-05-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://alcalc.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/35/3/259
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/alcalc/35.3.259
en
Copyright (C) 2000, Medical Council on Alcohol
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:alcalc:35/3/2632015-05-19HighWireOUPalcalc:35:3
PATTERNS OF DRINKING IN THAI MEN
ASSANANGKORNCHAI, SAWITRI
SAUNDERS, JOHN B.
CONIGRAVE, KATHERINE M.
ORIGINAL ARTICLES
Alcohol problems have increased considerably in Thailand in recent years, in common with many other countries in South East Asia. Little is known about the patterns or contexts of alcohol consumption in these countries, and so efforts to develop preventative strategies have been hampered. To identify current patterns related to alcohol consumption, we recruited 91 alcohol-dependent subjects, 77 hazardous or harmful drinkers, and 144 abstainers or light drinkers. A structured interview incorporating the World Health Organization ‘tri-level’ method to determine the amount and frequency of drinking, and the Alcohol Use Disorders and Associated Disabilities to diagnose alcohol dependence and harmful drinking was used. Median alcohol intake was 75 and 49 g/drinking day in the alcohol-dependent and harmful or hazardous groups respectively. The former group drank on average 25 days/month, whereas the harmful or hazardous drinkers drank 10 days/month. Drinking alone was more common in the alcohol-dependent group (67%), whereas harmful or hazardous drinkers typically drank with friends (58%), and infrequent drinkers drank only at social functions (61%). Only 28% of alcohol-dependent subjects perceived themselves as dependent on alcohol. The alcohol-dependent subjects and hazardous or harmful drinkers were more likely to currently smoke cigarettes and have a history of marijuana use than were non-drinkers, infrequent or light drinkers. Antisocial personality disorder was more commonly associated with alcohol dependence. In conclusion, alcohol dependence was characterized by continual drinking, whereas hazardous or harmful consumption was associated with an intermittent pattern. Other forms of substance use and personality disorder were associated with alcohol dependence. Clearer understanding of these factors would be of great benefit in planning an intervention programme for excessive drinking in Thailand.
Oxford University Press
2000-05-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://alcalc.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/35/3/263
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/alcalc/35.3.263
en
Copyright (C) 2000, Medical Council on Alcohol
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:alcalc:35/3/2702015-05-19HighWireOUPalcalc:35:3
READINESS TO CHANGE QUESTIONNAIRE: RELIABILITY STUDY OF ITS SPANISH VERSION
RODRÍGUEZ-MARTOS, A.
RUBIO, G.
AUBÀ, J.
SANTO-DOMINGO, J.
TORRALBA, Ll.
CAMPILLO, M.
ORIGINAL ARTICLES
— The present study explored the reliability and validity of a Spanish version of the Readiness to Change Questionnaire (RCQ) (12-item short form) as it might be used for opportunistic intervention. The test has three scales to allocate patients to a stage of change: pre-contemplation (P), contemplation (C) or action (A). The RCQ was translated and back-translated prior to pilot administration to 15 patients. From two settings (a general hospital ward and a primary health care centre), 201 patients were identified as excessive drinkers on the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test. Patients known to be alcohol-dependent and attending for alcohol-related reasons were excluded. Patients completed the RCQ. Test–retest reliability after 2 days was assessed in 35 patients. A components analysis was performed. Patients were classified on RCQ scores to a stage of change. Two experts separately interviewed the patients and made an allocation to stage of change, blind to the RCQ score. Test–retest reliability was good (P: <it>r</it> = 0.81; C: <it>r</it> = 0.87; A: <it>r</it> = 0.86). Within the three scales, RCQ items showed fair consistency in terms of Cronbach's alpha (P: 0.58, C: 0.75, A: 0.80). Component analysis showed that together the scales accounted for 57.4% of the variance. The experts agreed between themselves on patients' stage of change (weighted kappa 0.92) but much less with the stage of change according to RCQ (expert A, kappa = 0.44; expert B, kappa = 0.52). Omitting patients with low consumption did not improve internal reliability, and omitting those with low educational level who might have filled in the questionnaire wrongly did not improve internal reliability or agreement between RCQ and the experts. We conclude that the Spanish RCQ did not function efficiently in a population of opportunistically identified excessive drinkers.
Oxford University Press
2000-05-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://alcalc.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/35/3/270
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/alcalc/35.3.270
en
Copyright (C) 2000, Medical Council on Alcohol
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:alcalc:35/3/2762015-05-19HighWireOUPalcalc:35:3
FETAL ALCOHOL SYNDROME: THE ORIGINS OF A MORAL PANIC
ARMSTRONG, ELIZABETH M.
ABEL, ERNEST L.
ORIGINAL ARTICLES
Since its discovery almost 30 years ago, the fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) has been characterized in the USA, as a major threat to public health. In part because FAS resonated with broader social concerns in the 1970s and 1980s about alcohol's deleterious effect on American society and about a perceived increase in child abuse and neglect, it quickly achieved prominence as a social problem. In this paper, we demonstrate that, as concern about this social problem escalated beyond the level warranted by the existing evidence, FAS took on the status of a moral panic. Through examples taken from both the biomedical literature and the media about drinking during pregnancy, we illustrate the evolution of this development, and we describe its implications, particularly how it has contributed to a vapid public policy response.
Oxford University Press
2000-05-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://alcalc.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/35/3/276
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/alcalc/35.3.276
en
Copyright (C) 2000, Medical Council on Alcohol
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:alcalc:35/3/2832015-05-19HighWireOUPalcalc:35:3
ETHYL GLUCURONIDE IN HUMAN HAIR
SKOPP, GISELA
SCHMITT, GEORG
PÖTSCH, LUCIA
DRÖNNER, PETER
ADERJAN, ROLF
MATTERN, RAINER
ORIGINAL ARTICLES
Ethyl glucuronide (EtG) is considered to be a promising candidate marker of alcohol consumption, but exhibits a short window of detection in blood or urine. Keratinized tissues are known to retain foreign substances and to provide a greater retrospective window of detection than body fluids. Therefore, post-mortem hair, skin swabs, and stratum corneum samples were collected from four subjects with a reported history of alcohol misuse and from seven subjects with a report of regular, socially accepted drinking behaviour, and were investigated for EtG. Additionally, certain specimens were collected from three children, who had not yet consumed any alcoholic beverages. EtG was detectable in most of the hair and stratum corneum samples as well as in perspiration stains from alcohol-consuming subjects. The results indicated that EtG might be formed locally in very small and highly variable amounts. The most important finding was that EtG cannot be expected to be generally detectable in keratinized tissues or perspiration stains from alcohol-drinking subjects, whereas a positive result is always associated with recent alcohol consumption.
Oxford University Press
2000-05-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://alcalc.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/35/3/283
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/alcalc/35.3.283
en
Copyright (C) 2000, Medical Council on Alcohol
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:alcalc:35/3/2862015-05-19HighWireOUPalcalc:35:3
EFFECT OF ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION ON THE PROGRESSION OF HEPATITIS C VIRUS INFECTION AND RISK OF HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA IN JAPANESE PATIENTS
KHAN, KHALEQUE NEWAZ
YATSUHASHI, HIROSHI
ORIGINAL ARTICLES
Chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is associated with a spectrum of liver diseases and a proportion of chronic cases progress through cirrhosis to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The viral and host factors that are important in the clinical and histological progression of HCV infection are unclear. We investigated the effect of moderate (<80 g/day) and heavy (>80 g/day) alcohol intake on the histological and clinical progression of HCV infection and their associated risk of hepatic cancer in a group of Japanese patients. A number of other variables were assessed to evaluate their impact on disease progression. We recruited 120 patients with HCV infection and categorized them into four groups, based on alcohol consumption pattern. All clinical and biochemical profiles were collected from recorded files. Liver biopsies were analysed for the degree of fibrosis, presence of cirrhosis and histological activity of necroinflammation. Hepatic tumours were detected by the follow-up imaging analysis. There was no difference in the age, length of exposure to HCV infection and HCV RNA serum levels in the alcohol and alcohol-free groups. The histological grading of necroinflammation, serum levels of alanine aminotransferase and HCV RNA did not have any correlation with each other in the alcohol and alcohol-free group. There was a 1.5–2.5-fold greater risk of liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma in the alcohol intake group compared to the alcohol-free group. Kruskal–Wallis analysis among four groups demonstrated a significant transition to fibrosis (<it>P</it> < 0.05) for alcoholics with HCV infection. The increased risk of liver cancer in the alcohol group is independent of size and growth of tumours. The clinical manifestations of gastro-oesophageal variceal bleeding, ascites, and encephalopathy were also higher in the alcohol intake group. Alcohol consumption is an important risk factor in the histological and clinical progression of HCV infection and has no relation with HCV replication. Chronic HCV carriers should avoid excessive alcohol intake to reduce the acceleration of liver disease and risk of liver cancer.
Oxford University Press
2000-05-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://alcalc.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/35/3/286
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/alcalc/35.3.286
en
Copyright (C) 2000, Medical Council on Alcohol
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:alcalc:35/3/2962015-05-19HighWireOUPalcalc:35:3
DRINKING HABITS OF SUBJECTS WITH HEPATITIS C VIRUS-RELATED CHRONIC LIVER DISEASE: PREVALENCE AND EFFECT ON CLINICAL, VIROLOGICAL AND PATHOLOGICAL ASPECTS
LOGUERCIO, CARMELA
DI PIERRO, MAURO
DI MARINO, MARIA PIA
FEDERICO, ALESSANDRO
DISALVO, DONATO
CRAFA, ENY
TUCCILLO, CONCETTA
BALDI, FELICIANO
BLANCO, CAMILLO DEL VECCHIO
ORIGINAL ARTICLES
Alcohol changes the progression of hepatitis C virus (HCV)-related chronic liver disease and may affect the outcome of interferon therapy. The ethanol intake of 245 patients with biopsy-proven chronic hepatitis C with or without cirrhosis, its interaction with laboratory and histological parameters common to alcohol and HCV-mediated liver damage, and its effects on therapy were evaluated. The results show that 60–70% of subjects regularly consumed alcohol (median intake >40 g/day in about 30%). Less than 50% stopped drinking after being diagnosed as having liver disease. Ethanol intake affected: fibrosis, especially in women, HCV RNA levels, which were significantly lower in abstainers than in drinkers (0.6 ± 0.3 vs 6.9 ± 5.9 Eq/ml x106; <it>P</it> < 0.01), and response to interferon therapy. The number of responders decreased as ethanol intake increased. There were less abstainers than drinkers among non-responders (10.7% vs 63.1% respectively; <it>P</it> < 0.001). Data indicate that alcohol will induce and worsen liver damage and, in subjects with chronic liver disease who continue to drink, adversely affect their response to treatment.
Oxford University Press
2000-05-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://alcalc.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/35/3/296
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/alcalc/35.3.296
en
Copyright (C) 2000, Medical Council on Alcohol
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:alcalc:35/3/3022015-05-19HighWireOUPalcalc:35:3
FREQUENCY AND MARKOV CHAIN ANALYSIS OF THE AMINO-ACID SEQUENCE OF HUMAN ALCOHOL DEHYDROGENASE {alpha}-CHAIN
WU, GUANG
ORIGINAL ARTICLES
The amino-acid sequences of human alcohol dehydrogenase &agr;-chain (ADH1) were analysed according to two-, three- and four-amino-acid sequences. The measured frequencies and probabilities were compared with the predicted frequencies and probabilities. Of 373 two-amino-acid sequences in the ADH1, 92 (24.665%) and 32 (8.579%) sequences can be explained by the predicted frequencies and probabilities according to a purely random mechanism. Of 191 non-appearing two-amino-acid sequences in the ADH1, 119 (62.304%) and 52 (27.225%) sequences can be explained by the predicted frequencies and probabilities according to a purely random mechanism. Of 373 measured first-order Markov transition probabilities for the second amino acid in two-amino-acid sequences, three (0.804%) probabilities match the predicted conditional probabilities and therefore can be explained by a purely random mechanism. No more-than-two-amino-acid sequences can be explained by a purely random mechanism.
Oxford University Press
2000-05-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://alcalc.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/35/3/302
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/alcalc/35.3.302
en
Copyright (C) 2000, Medical Council on Alcohol
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:alcalc:35/3/3072015-05-19HighWireOUPalcalc:35:3
STRESSORS AND ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION
JOSÉ, BEGOÑA SAN
VAN OERS, HANS A. M.
VAN DE MHEEN, H. DIKE
GARRETSEN, HENK F. L.
MACKENBACH, JOHAN P.
ORIGINAL ARTICLES
The objective of this study was to examine the relationship between negative life events and chronic stressors and drinking behaviour. Data suggested that some life events (getting divorced) and some chronic stressors (financial difficulties, unfavourable marital status, and unfavourable employment status) were positively related to abstinence among men and women. Furthermore, some life events (being a victim of a crime, decrease in financial position, divorce or reporting two or more life events) were positively associated with heavy drinking among men. Chronic stressors, such as unfavourable marital status and unfavourable employment status, were also related to heavy drinking among both men and women. Results presented here suggest that people under stressful conditions are more likely to either abstain or drink heavily rather than to drink lightly or moderately.
Oxford University Press
2000-05-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://alcalc.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/35/3/307
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/alcalc/35.3.307
en
Copyright (C) 2000, Medical Council on Alcohol
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:alcalc:35/3/3132015-05-19HighWireOUPalcalc:35:3
DETERMINATION OF ETHYL GLUCURONIDE IN HAIR SAMPLES
ALT, ANDREAS
JANDA, INES
SEIDL, STEPHAN
WURST, FRIEDRICH-MARTIN
LETTER TO THE EDITORS
Oxford University Press
2000-05-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://alcalc.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/35/3/313
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/alcalc/35.3.313
en
Copyright (C) 2000, Medical Council on Alcohol