2024-03-28T13:55:55Zhttp://open-archive.highwire.org/handler
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:alcalc:35/5/4172015-05-19HighWireOUPalcalc:35:5
THE EFFECTS OF MODERATE ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION ON FEMALE HORMONE LEVELS AND REPRODUCTIVE FUNCTION
Gill, Jan
REVIEW
Studies that have investigated the effect of moderate alcohol consumption on the level of oestrogens and progesterone in both pre- and post-menopausal women are reviewed. It is concluded that several lines of evidence point to an alcohol-induced rise in natural or synthetic oestrogen levels in women. Proposed mechanisms include an increased rate of aromatization of testosterone or a decreased rate of oxidation of oestradiol to oestrone. Moderate alcohol consumption has also been linked to decreased progesterone levels in pre-menopausal women. The relevance of these findings to female health, fertility and the timing of the menopause is considered.
Oxford University Press
2000-09-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://alcalc.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/35/5/417
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/alcalc/35.5.417
en
Copyright (C) 2000, Medical Council on Alcohol
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:alcalc:35/5/4242015-05-19HighWireOUPalcalc:35:5
EFFECT OF METHYLENE BLUE ON THE DISPOSITION OF ETHANOL
Vonlanthen, Ronald
Beer, Jürg H.
Lauterburg, Bernhard H.
RAPID COMMUNICATION
The effect of methylene blue on the disposition of ethanol was studied in rats and humans. Methylene blue increased the metabolism of [14C]ethanol to 14CO<inf>2</inf> in isolated hepatocytes and in intact rats by 75% and 30%, respectively. In healthy volunteers, methylene blue did not affect the pharmacokinetics of ethanol and did not alleviate the ethanol-induced NAD redox changes as reflected by the increase in the [lactate]/[pyruvate] ratio.
Oxford University Press
2000-09-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://alcalc.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/35/5/424
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/alcalc/35.5.424
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Copyright (C) 2000, Medical Council on Alcohol
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:alcalc:35/5/4272015-05-19HighWireOUPalcalc:35:5
RAT LIVER TRYPTOPHAN PYRROLASE ACTIVITY AND GENE EXPRESSION DURING ALCOHOL WITHDRAWAL
Oretti, R. G.
Bano, S.
Azani, M. O.
Badawy, A. A.-B.
Morgan, C. J.
McGUFFIN, P.
Buckland, P. R.
ORIGINAL ARTICLES
Rat liver tryptophan (Trp) pyrrolase activity and gene expression were studied in relation to the alcohol-withdrawal syndrome (AWS). Both activity and gene expression were enhanced after withdrawal of ethanol-containing liquid diets and the time-course of these changes mirrored that of development and intensity of the behavioural disturbances of the AWS. By contrast, no correlation was observed between the AWS-induced behaviour and changes in activity of another hepatic glucocorticoid-inducible enzyme, tyrosine aminotransferase, and a negative correlation was noted between behaviour and the gene expression of this latter enzyme and also of that of the hepatic glucocorticoid receptor. We suggest that the metabolic consequences of activation of liver Trp pyrrolase during alcohol withdrawal may play a role in the behavioural features of the AWS.
Oxford University Press
2000-09-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://alcalc.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/35/5/427
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/alcalc/35.5.427
en
Copyright (C) 2000, Medical Council on Alcohol
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:alcalc:35/5/4352015-05-19HighWireOUPalcalc:35:5
PARADIGM TO TEST A DRUG-INDUCED AVERSION TO ETHANOL
Garver, E.
Ross, A. D.
Tu, G.-C.
Cao, Q.-N.
Zhou, F.
Israel, Y.
ORIGINAL ARTICLES
The screening of new agents for aversive therapy of alcoholism requires a simple animal model. Animals trained to ingest ethanol solutions and subsequently administered a drug known to produce an aversion to ethanol in humans, do not readily make the association between the malaise induced by the aversive drug–ethanol reaction and the consumption of the same ethanol-containing solution that has been consumed previously without ill effects. An experimental paradigm is reported in which the malaise of the drug–ethanol reaction is quickly recognized by rats as derived from ethanol. Disulfiram was used as the model drug. Lewis rats were deprived of water for 18 h after which 6% (v/v) ethanol was offered as the only fluid. During the first hour of ethanol access, both controls (vehicle) and disulfiram (100 mg/kg)-treated animals consumed intoxicating amounts of ethanol (0.7–0.9 g ethanol/kg). Plasma acetaldehyde levels developed were 3–5 μM and 40–50 μM in the two groups respectively. After this time, disulfiram-treated animals virtually ceased consuming alcohol (90% inhibition), indicating that the disulfiram–ethanol reaction is associated with alcohol ingestion. Control animals continued consuming the alcohol solution for the additional 4–5 h tested. This model should be of value in the testing of new agents that reduce aldehyde dehydrogenase levels for prolonged periods for their potential as an aversive treatment in alcoholism.
Oxford University Press
2000-09-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://alcalc.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/35/5/435
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/alcalc/35.5.435
en
Copyright (C) 2000, Medical Council on Alcohol
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:alcalc:35/5/4392015-05-19HighWireOUPalcalc:35:5
EFFECT OF SHORT-TERM ETHANOL ADMINISTRATION ON CADMIUM RETENTION AND BIOELEMENT METABOLISM IN RATS CONTINUOUSLY EXPOSED TO CADMIUM
Brzóska, M. M.
Moniuszko-Jakoniuk, J.
Jurczuk, M.
Galazyn-Sidorczuk, M.
Rogalska, J.
ORIGINAL ARTICLES
The present study was performed to assess the effect of short-term ethanol administration on cadmium retention and accumulation as well as on bioelement metabolism (zinc, copper, calcium, and magnesium) in rats exposed to an aqueous solution of cadmium chloride for 8 weeks. Intoxication with cadmium led to accumulation of this toxic metal, particularly in the liver and kidney, which was linked to metallothionein synthesis as well as to a disturbance in the metabolism of zinc, copper, and calcium. These effects were dependent on the level of exposure. The administration of ethanol in the final phase of cadmium treatment increased cadmium retention and accumulation in the body with simultaneous elevation in liver and kidney metallothionein concentration. Ethanol alone or with cadmium caused or intensified the cadmium-induced changes in metabolism of zinc and copper. Calcium metabolism disturbed by cadmium was not influenced by ethanol. Neither agents had any effect on magnesium metabolism. We conclude that even short-term ethanol consumption in conditions of exposure to cadmium can increase this heavy metal body burden and lead to more serious disturbances in metabolism of important elements such as zinc and copper. Cadmium- and ethanol-induced changes in the homeostasis of these microelements are probably connected with the ability of both xenobiotics to cause metallothionein induction.
Oxford University Press
2000-09-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://alcalc.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/35/5/439
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/alcalc/35.5.439
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Copyright (C) 2000, Medical Council on Alcohol
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:alcalc:35/5/4462015-05-19HighWireOUPalcalc:35:5
FORCED ETHANOL TREATMENT STIMULATES AND INHIBITS ETHANOL INTAKE IN A RAT MODEL OF ALCOHOLISM
Hedlund, Lars
Wahlström, Göran
ORIGINAL ARTICLES
In a model of psychological dependence, a very stable ethanol intake was induced by a chronic (1-year) intermittent (once a week) exposure to intoxicating amounts of ethanol (24 h choice between ethanol and water, followed by 2.0 g/kg i.p.). After this year, the rats had continuous access to ethanol and water. Stability was shown by the ability of the rats to take the same dose of ethanol (in g/kg) when the concentration was changed from 10 to 20%. To study possible priming or inhibiting effects on ethanol intake, ethanol was injected i.p., first as 20%, 40% or 60% of the intake in the 24 h prior to the injection, then as fixed doses of 0.5, 1, and 2 g/kg, and the ethanol intake during the following 24-h period was recorded. The results showed that, following a low dose of ethanol, voluntary ethanol intake was increased in rats with a low, and decreased in rats with a high, ethanol intake, while high doses of ethanol seemed to decrease voluntary ethanol intake in all rats. The results are discussed in relation to theories about loss of control of drinking and relapse in humans.
Oxford University Press
2000-09-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://alcalc.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/35/5/446
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/alcalc/35.5.446
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oai:open-archive.highwire.org:alcalc:35/5/4522015-05-19HighWireOUPalcalc:35:5
LOW LEVELS OF ETHANOL STIMULATE AND HIGH LEVELS DECREASE PHOSPHORYLATION IN MICROTUBULE-ASSOCIATED PROTEINS IN RAT BRAIN: AN IN VITRO STUDY
Ahluwalia, Balwant
Ahmad, Syed
Adeyiga, Olanrewaju
Wesley, Barbara
Rajguru, Shakuntala
ORIGINAL ARTICLES
Phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of proteins associated with microtubules (MAPs) modulate the functional properties of microtubules (MT). A study was designed to test the hypothesis that ethanol at pharmacologically relevant levels affects phosphorylation of MAPs. Low (6, 12, 24, and 48 mM) and high (96, 384, and 768 mM) levels of ethanol were used in the study. MT prepared from rat brain by successive cycles of assembly–disassembly were found to contain two high molecular weight proteins (MAP2 and MAP1), tubulin, and 70-kDa neurofilament. The kinase activity was determined using [γ32P]ATP as a phosphate donor. The results showed that ethanol primarily stimulated MAP2 phosphorylation. Low levels of ethanol stimulated, whereas high levels decreased, the kinase activity. MAP1 was phosphorylated to a lesser extent. 70-kDa neurofilament and tubulin were phosphorylated, however, the dose-dependent biphasic effect of ethanol on phosphorylation was not found in these cytoskeleton proteins. To determine whether the ethanol-induced kinase activity was cAMP-dependent, the catalytic subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase was isolated, purified, and kinase activity was determined with and without ethanol. The results showed that cAMP was not involved in ethanol-induced kinase activity. We conclude that ethanol predominantly stimulates phosphorylation of MAP2 in a dose-dependent manner.
Oxford University Press
2000-09-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://alcalc.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/35/5/452
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/alcalc/35.5.452
en
Copyright (C) 2000, Medical Council on Alcohol
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:alcalc:35/5/4582015-05-19HighWireOUPalcalc:35:5
EVIDENCE OF ACETALDEHYDE-PROTEIN ADDUCT FORMATION IN RAT BRAIN AFTER LIFELONG CONSUMPTION OF ETHANOL
Rintala, Jyrki
Jaatinen, Pia
Parkkila, Seppo
Sarviharju, Maija
Kiianmaa, Kalervo
Hervonen, Antti
Niemelä, Onni
ORIGINAL ARTICLES
Acetaldehyde, the first metabolite of ethanol, has been shown to be capable of binding covalently to liver proteins <it>in vivo</it>, which may be responsible for a variety of toxic effects of ethanol. Acetaldehyde–protein adducts have previously been detected in the liver of patients and experimental animals with alcoholic liver disease. Although a role for acetaldehyde as a possible mediator of ethanol-induced neurotoxicity has also been previously suggested, the formation of protein–acetaldehyde adducts in brain has not been examined. This study was designed to examine the occurrence of acetaldehyde–protein adducts in rat brain after lifelong ethanol exposure. A total of 27 male rats from the alcohol-preferring (AA) and alcohol-avoiding (ANA) lines were used. Four ANA rats and five AA rats were fed 10–12% (v/v) ethanol for 21 months. Both young (<it>n</it> = 10) and old (<it>n</it> = 8) rats receiving water were used as controls. Samples from frontal cortex, cerebellum and liver were processed for immunohistochemical detection of acetaldehyde adducts. In four (two ANA, two AA rats) of the nine ethanol-exposed rats, weak or moderate positive reactions for acetaldehyde adducts could be detected both in the frontal cortex and cerebellum, whereas no such immunostaining was found in the remaining five ethanol-treated rats or in the control rats. The positive reaction was localized to the white matter and some large neurons in layers 4 and 5 of the frontal cortex, and to the molecular layer of the cerebellum. Interestingly, the strongest positive reactions were found among the ANA rats, which are known to display high acetaldehyde levels during ethanol oxidation. We suggest that acetaldehyde may be involved in ethanol-induced neurotoxicity <it>in vivo</it> through formation of adducts with brain proteins and macromolecules.
Oxford University Press
2000-09-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://alcalc.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/35/5/458
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/alcalc/35.5.458
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oai:open-archive.highwire.org:alcalc:35/5/4642015-05-19HighWireOUPalcalc:35:5
ATTRITION IN A FOLLOW-UP STUDY OF DRIVING WHILE IMPAIRED OFFENDERS: WHO IS LOST?
Lapham, Sandra
Baum, George
Skipper, Betty
Chang, Iyiin
ORIGINAL ARTICLES
High attrition rates seriously threaten the validity of follow-up studies of criminal justice populations. This study examines attrition from a follow-up study of drink-driving offenders referred 5 years earlier to a screening programme. The aim of the study was to determine which factors are most closely associated with: (1) inability to locate subjects, (2) subjects' refusal to participate; (3) the manner in which subjects refuse. Logistic regression models compared the following groups of subjects: located vs not located; interviewed vs not interviewed; type of refusal (direct vs indirect). Independent variables included gender, age group, ethnicity, whether the subject had a telephone, compliance with and completion of the screening programme, alcohol dependence or abuse diagnosis vs no diagnosis, breath-alcohol level (BAL) at the time of arrest, and whether the subject had an outstanding arrest warrant. Some factors (younger age, screening compliance, Mexican national ethnicity, and having an outstanding arrest warrant) predicted both inability to locate and type of refusal. Hispanic ethnicity and having a telephone predicted better success with locating subjects. Among refusers, non-Hispanic whites were more likely than other ethnic groups to refuse directly, and those with warrants were more likely to refuse indirectly. Non-compliance with the screening programme was also associated with differential follow-up rates. Neither arrest BAL nor alcohol diagnoses was associated with differential rates of follow-up. We conclude that alcohol diagnosis does not appear to influence successful follow-up in this criminal justice population. Rather, tracking and interviewing challenges differed among ethnic groups, suggesting a need for culturally sensitive recruitment strategies in these populations.
Oxford University Press
2000-09-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://alcalc.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/35/5/464
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/alcalc/35.5.464
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Copyright (C) 2000, Medical Council on Alcohol
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:alcalc:35/5/4712015-05-19HighWireOUPalcalc:35:5
THE EFFECTS OF ALCOHOL INTOXICATION ON AGGRESSIVE RESPONSES IN MEN AND WOMEN
Hoaken, Peter N. S.
Pihl, R. O.
ORIGINAL ARTICLES
A considerable literature, clinical and experimental, has demonstrated the aggression-eliciting effects of alcohol intoxication. However, the focus of the experimental literature has been primarily on men and the studies on women have been inconclusive. This study was conducted to test for possible gender differences in the manifestation of alcohol-induced aggression. Participants were 54 males and 60 females, aged 18–30 years, who competed in a competitive aggression paradigm either sober or intoxicated. As expected, intoxicated men were more aggressive than their sober peers. However, under high provocation, both sober and intoxicated, women manifested aggression comparable to the intoxicated men. This study suggests that women can be as aggressive as men, and that alcohol intoxication does not seem to be as important a determining factor.
Oxford University Press
2000-09-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://alcalc.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/35/5/471
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/alcalc/35.5.471
en
Copyright (C) 2000, Medical Council on Alcohol
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:alcalc:35/5/4782015-05-19HighWireOUPalcalc:35:5
THE LONG-TERM COST-EFFECTIVENESS OF IMPROVING ALCOHOL ABSTINENCE WITH ADJUVANT ACAMPROSATE
Palmer, A. J.
Neeser, K.
Weiss, C.
Brandt, A.
Comte, S.
Fox, M.
ORIGINAL ARTICLES
A computer model was developed with decision analysis software to explore the long-term clinical and economic outcomes of alcohol abstinence maintenance with either standard counselling therapy or standard therapy plus 48 weeks of adjuvant acamprosate in detoxified alcoholic patients. Important complications of alcoholism were modelled using Markov processes, and included relapse (return to drinking), alcohol-related hepatic disease, acute and chronic pancreatitis, acute and chronic gastritis, oropharyngeal carcinoma, oesophageal carcinoma, alcoholic cardiomyopathy, alcohol-related peripheral neuropathy, alcoholic psychosis, accidental death, and suicide. Probabilities of developing complications were dependent on whether the patients within the cohort remained abstinent or had relapsed. Relapse rates, probabilities, and costs for acamprosate therapy and treatment of complications were taken from published literature. The analysis was performed from the German health insurance perspective. Life expectancy and total lifetime costs (costs of initial abstinence maintenance therapy plus costs of complications) were calculated for a typical male cohort with average age of 41 years, 80% with fatty liver, 15% with cirrhosis, 22% with chronic pancreatitis, and 1% with alcoholic cardiomyopathy at baseline. Life expectancy with and without acamprosate therapy was 15.90 and 14.70 years respectively, and discounted (5% per annum) average total lifetime costs per patient were DEM 46 448 and DEM 49 549 respectively. We conclude that, despite the acquisition costs of DEM 2177, adjuvant acamprosate therapy was both clinically and economically attractive under conservative assumptions.
Oxford University Press
2000-09-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://alcalc.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/35/5/478
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/alcalc/35.5.478
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oai:open-archive.highwire.org:alcalc:35/5/4932015-05-19HighWireOUPalcalc:35:5
ALCOHOLICS WITH THE DOPAMINE RECEPTOR DRD2 A1 ALLELE HAVE LOWER PLATELET MONOAMINE OXIDASE-B ACTIVITY THAN THOSE WITH THE A2 ALLELE: A PRELIMINARY STUDY
Eriksson, Matts
Berggren, Ulf
Blennow, Kaj
Fahlke, Claudia
Månsson, Jan-Erik
Balldin, Jan
ORIGINAL ARTICLES
Low platelet monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B) activity and the presence of the <it>Taq1</it> A1 allele of the dopamine D2 receptor (DRD2) gene have independently been proposed as ‘biological/genetic’ markers for alcoholism. In the present study, the relationship between these two markers was investigated in a group of socially stable Caucasian middle-aged men with a mean (±SD) daily ethanol consumption of 85 ± 57 g. The platelet MAO-B activity was significantly lower in individuals with the DRD2 A1 allele (<it>n</it> = 8), compared to those without it (<it>n</it> = 29). This relationship remained unchanged when including only subjects who fulfilled DSM-IV criteria for alcohol dependence (<it>n</it> = 27). The finding suggests that alcoholics who are carriers of the DRD2 A1 allele may have lower platelet MAO-B activity.
Oxford University Press
2000-09-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://alcalc.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/35/5/493
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/alcalc/35.5.493
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oai:open-archive.highwire.org:alcalc:35/5/4992015-05-19HighWireOUPalcalc:35:5
FETAL ALCOHOL SYNDROME (FAS) PRIMARY PREVENTION THROUGH FAS DIAGNOSIS: I. IDENTIFICATION OF HIGH-RISK BIRTH MOTHERS THROUGH THE DIAGNOSIS OF THEIR CHILDREN
Astley, Susan J.
Bailey, Diane
Talbot, Christina
Clarren, Sterling K.
ORIGINAL ARTICLES
A 5-year, fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) primary prevention study was conducted in Washington State to: (1) assess the feasibility of using a FAS diagnostic and prevention clinic as a centre for identifying and targeting primary prevention intervention to high-risk women (namely women who had given birth to a child with FAS); (2) generate a comprehensive, lifetime profile of these women; (3) identify factors that have enhanced and/or hindered their ability to achieve abstinence. The results of this study are presented in two parts: work on objective 1 is summarized in the present paper; whereas that on objectives 2 and 3 is summarized in the accompanying paper. This project demonstrated that a multidisciplinary FAS Diagnostic and Prevention Network (FAS DPN) clinic could successfully attract and meet the diagnostic and treatment planning needs of patients presenting with prenatal alcohol exposure. One out of every three patients evaluated in the FAS DPN clinics was diagnosed with FAS or static encephalopathy/alcohol exposed. The birth mothers of one out of every three of these children diagnosed with FAS or static encephalopathy/alcohol exposed could be located and directly contacted. Half of the birth mothers directly contacted were still at risk for producing more children damaged by prenatal alcohol exposure. Thus, one out of every 18 children evaluated in the FAS DPN clinics had a birth mother who could be found and was at risk of producing more children damaged by prenatal alcohol exposure. Primary prevention programmes targeted to this high-risk population could lead to measurable, cost-effective reductions in the incidence of FAS. Using this approach, the cost of raising a child with FAS would be roughly 30 times the cost of preventing FAS in the child. The benefit to the children, their mothers, and society would be immeasurable.
Oxford University Press
2000-09-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://alcalc.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/35/5/499
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/alcalc/35.5.499
en
Copyright (C) 2000, Medical Council on Alcohol
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:alcalc:35/5/5092015-05-19HighWireOUPalcalc:35:5
FETAL ALCOHOL SYNDROME (FAS) PRIMARY PREVENTION THROUGH FAS DIAGNOSIS: II. A COMPREHENSIVE PROFILE OF 80 BIRTH MOTHERS OF CHILDREN WITH FAS
Astley, Susan J.
Bailey, Diane
Talbot, Christina
Clarren, Sterling K.
ORIGINAL ARTICLES
A 5-year, fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) primary prevention study was conducted in Washington State to: (1) assess the feasibility of using a FAS diagnostic and prevention clinic as a centre for identifying and targeting primary prevention intervention to high-risk women; (2) generate a comprehensive, lifetime profile of these women; (3) identify factors that have enhanced and/or hindered their ability to achieve abstinence. The results of this study are presented in two parts. Objective 1 is summarized in the preceding paper and objectives 2 and 3 are summarized here. Comprehensive interviews were conducted with 80 women, who had given birth to a child diagnosed with FAS, to document their sociodemographics, reproductive and family planning history, social and healthcare utilization patterns, adverse social experiences, social support network, alcohol use and treatment history, mental health, and intelligence quotient (IQ). These high-risk women were diverse in racial, educational and economic backgrounds, were often victims of abuse, and challenged by mental health issues. Despite their rather harsh psychosocial profile, many demonstrated the ability to overcome their alcohol dependence over time. Relative to the women who had not achieved abstinence, the women who had achieved abstinence had significantly higher IQs, higher household incomes, larger more satisfactory social support networks, were more likely to report a religious affiliation, and were more likely to be receiving mental health treatment for their mental health disorders. The rate of unintended pregnancies and alcohol-exposed pregnancies was substantial. Key barriers to achieving effective family planning were maternal alcohol and drug use, lack of access to birth control and lack of support by their partner to use birth control. A FAS diagnostic and prevention clinic can be used to identify women at high risk for producing children damaged by prenatal alcohol exposure. Primary prevention programmes targeted to this population could lead to measurable reductions in the incidence of FAS.
Oxford University Press
2000-09-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://alcalc.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/35/5/509
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/alcalc/35.5.509
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Copyright (C) 2000, Medical Council on Alcohol
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:alcalc:35/5/5202015-05-19HighWireOUPalcalc:35:5
DRINKING PATTERNS AMONG SWEDISH WOMEN: RESULTS FROM A 5-YEAR FOLLOW-UP OF A POPULATION-BASED STUDY
Thundal, K.-L.
Spak, F.
Allebeck, P.
ORIGINAL ARTICLES
The aims of this study were to: (1) document women's alcohol use over a 5-year period; (2) compare different measures of alcohol consumption such as high alcohol consumption (HAC) and high episodic drinking (HED); (3) to follow the incidence and course of alcohol dependence and abuse (ADA). The study is part of a longitudinal general population-based study, Women and Alcohol in Göteborg. From a stratified random sample of 479 respondents, 399 were interviewed in the first wave (1989/90). In the second wave (1995/96), 386 of the 479 women were available for a follow-up interview. The 12-month prevalence of ADA was 1.3% in both waves. In the longitudinal analysis the 5-year cumulative incidence of ADA was 0.1%. Two new cases of ADA were found. The prevalence of HAC and HED decreased in women of all ages except HED in women born in 1955. We conclude that the 12-month prevalence of ADA remained the same at the 5-year follow-up and that, in contrast to what has been found in some other studies, there was an overall decrease in HAC and in HED.
Oxford University Press
2000-09-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://alcalc.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/35/5/520
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/alcalc/35.5.520
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oai:open-archive.highwire.org:alcalc:35/5/5252015-05-19HighWireOUPalcalc:35:5
IMPLEMENTATION AND DISSEMINATION OF METHODS FOR PREVENTION OF ALCOHOL PROBLEMS IN PRIMARY HEALTH CARE: A FEASIBILITY STUDY
Andréasson, Sven
Hjalmarsson, Kerstin
Rehnman, Charlotta
ORIGINAL ARTICLES
Secondary prevention of alcohol problems in health care has been proved efficacious in many studies, yet its implementation remains scarce, and its effectiveness in regular health care remains unknown. This article reports results from a feasibility study of dissemination of alcohol prevention methods in primary health care in Stockholm. Initial interviews with general practitioners (GPs) and district health nurses indicated that few raised the issue of alcohol with patients, made notes about alcohol in patient charts or found working with alcohol issues rewarding. The impact of a training session, where a project nurse visited all willing GPs and nurses, was limited. Although the uptake of the prevention package was high, follow-up at 3 months indicated that little use was made of the materials. Specifically, screening rates were low. In the future, secondary prevention of alcohol problems will require better adaptation to the realities of primary care.
Oxford University Press
2000-09-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://alcalc.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/35/5/525
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/alcalc/35.5.525
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Copyright (C) 2000, Medical Council on Alcohol
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:alcalc:35/5/5312015-05-19HighWireOUPalcalc:35:5
THE VOLUME OF THE LIVER IN PATIENTS CORRELATES TO BODY WEIGHT AND ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION
Andersen, V.
Sonne, J.
Sletting, S.
Prip, A.
LETTERS TO THE EDITORS
Oxford University Press
2000-09-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://alcalc.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/35/5/531
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/alcalc/35.5.531
en
Copyright (C) 2000, Medical Council on Alcohol