2024-03-28T14:33:21Zhttp://open-archive.highwire.org/handler
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:100/2/1012015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:100:2
AN EPIDEMIOLOGIC EVALUATION OF LONG-TERM METHADONE MAINTENANCE TREATMENT FOR HEROIN ADDICTION
GEARING, FRANCES ROWE
SCHWEITZER, MORTON D.
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS
Gearing. F. R. (Columbia U. School of Public Health. New York. NY. 10032) and M. D. Schweitzer. An epidemiologic evaluation of long-term methadone maintenance treatment for heroin addiction. <it>Am J Epidemiol</it> 100:101–112, 1974.—Results are reported of a follow-up study of 17, 500 patients admitted to methadone maintenance treatment between January 1964 and December 1971. Four cohorts are identified by date of first admission representing changes in criteria for admission and the change from inpatient to ambulatory induction. Differences in demographic characteristics for each successive cohort are noted, as well as the increase in social productivity, and the decrease in anti-social behavior among the patients who remain in treatment. Data on the current status of those who left treatment are presented, and the effects of methadone maintenance on the death rate and the causes of death are discussed.
Oxford University Press
1974-08-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/100/2/101
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Copyright (C) 1974, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:100/2/1132015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:100:2
AN EPIDEMIOLOGIC AND SEROLOGIC COMPARISON OF UTERINE CARCINOMA IN SITU AND SQUAMOUS DYSPLASIA
THOMAS, DAVID B.
ANDERSON, ROBERT I.
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS
Thomas. D. B. and R. I. Anderson (Johns Hopkins U. School of Hygiene and Public Health, Baltimore, Md. 21205). An epidemiologic and serologic comparison of uterine carcinoma in situ and squamous dysplasia. <it>Am J Epidemiol</it> 100:113–123, 1974. —In the winter of 1971–1972, serum for detection of various antibodies was obtained from 79 women with carcinoma in situ, 87 women with squamous dysplasia, and 146 women with normal cytologic smears. All had been interviewed in 1970. The two groups of cases were composed of 15- to 50-year-old white residents of Washington County, Maryland, who first had an abnormal cytologic smear followed by a histologic diagnosis from 1965 to 1969. The controls were a probability sample of women of the same age and race from the same area who had a normal cytologic smear during those same years. Simultaneous adjustment for 12 variables using multiple linear regression revealed trichomonads to be the only factor by which both women with carcinoma in situ and women with squamous dysplasia differ from normal controls. Those with carcinoma in situ were also characterized by marital instability and conception of first child before marriage. In contrast, those with dysplasia were also characterized by a history of vaginal discharge, a low level of education, and the presence of complement-fixing antibodies against cytomegalovirus, adenovirus, her-pesvirus simplex, and <it>Mycoplasma pneumoniae</it>. The relative risk of dysplasia increased with the number of positive tests for trichomonads and antibodies. The descriptions of severe and mild dysplasia were similar. These findings led to the following conclusions: 1) carcinoma in situ is most likely caused by one or more venereally transmitted carcinogens; 2) most dysplasia represents a nonspecific reaction of the cervical epithelium to inflammatory agents; 3) specific agents that may cause dysplasia include <it>Trichomonas vaginalis</it>, cytomegalovirus, and herpesvirus simplex; 4) most dysplasia is not an earlier stage of the same pathologic process as carcinoma in situ; 5) lesions classified as dysplasia that are early stages of the same pathologic process as carcinoma in situ, if any, cannot be distinguished by their severity.
Oxford University Press
1974-08-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/100/2/113
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Copyright (C) 1974, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:100/2/1242015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:100:2
NEUTRALIZING ANTIBODIES TO HERPESVIRUS TYPES 1 AND 2 IN MONTREAL WOMEN
MCDONALD, A. D.
WILLIAMS, M. C.
WEST, R.
STEWART, J.
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS
McDonald, A. D. (Dept. Epidemiology and Health, McGill U., Montreal, Canada), M. C. Williams, R. West and J. Stewart. Neutralizing antibodies to herpesvirus types 1 and 2 in Montreal women. <it>Am J Epidemiol</it> 100:124–129, 1974.—Sera from 564 females aged 2–55 years from a random sample of households in Metropolitan Montreal were tested by microneutralization for antibodies to herpesvirus types 1 and 2. Some 65% of children aged 2–15 years were without herpesvirus antibody but only 7% of women aged 46–55. Neutralizing antibodies resulting from a type 2 infection were estimated using the ratio of type 2 to type 1 titers. Herpesvirus type 2 infections were thus found to have occurred infrequently in females of less than 16 years but in 24% of those aged 46–55 years. The prevalence of antibodies to both types of herpesvirus was clearly associated with mean annual income in the census tract of residence. Evidence of an infection to either type was found at a considerably later age in persons living in higher income areas. The transmission of both oral and genital herpesvirus appears to be similarly influenced by living conditions.
Oxford University Press
1974-08-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/100/2/124
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Copyright (C) 1974, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:100/2/1302015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:100:2
NEUTRALIZING ANTIBODIES TO HERPESVIRUS TYPES 1 AND 2 IN CARCINOMA OF THE CERVIX, CARCINOMA IN SITU AND CERVICAL DYSPLASIA
MCDONALD, A. D.
WILLIAMS, M. C.
MANFREDA, J.
WEST, R.
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS
McDonald, A. D. (Dept. Epidemiology and Health, McGill U., Montreal, Canada), M. C. Williams, J. Manfreda and R. West. Neutralizing antibodies to herpesvirus types 1 and 2 in carcinoma of the cervix, carcinoma in situ and cervical dysplasia. <it>Am J Epidemiol</it> 100: 130–135, 1974.—Neutralizing antibodies to herpesvirus types 1 and 2 were estimated by microneutralization in 57 women with invasive carcinoma of the cervix, 50 with carcinoma in situ, 39 with cervical dysplasia and equal numbers of matched controls. The ratio of type 2/type 1 herpesvirus neutralizing antibody was calculated and sera in which the ratio was 0.85 or more were called type 2. Among cases of invasive carcinoma and their controls, 20 cases (or 35%) and 12 controls (or 21%) were type 2. Hotelling's <it>T</it>2 test, taking into account differences in titer as well as in ratio, yielded a probability close to 0.16. For carcinoma in situ the proportions were 40.0% and 32.0% and for cervical dysplasia 30.8% and 38.4%. The controls who were from gynecological clinics had a higher prevalence of type 2 sera than women in the general population—a finding that merits investigation. The absence of a major difference in prevalence of sera type 2 in Jewish compared with non-Jewish women suggests that their different susceptibility to carcinoma of the cervix is not connected with herpesvirus experience. The findings of this survey were inconclusive.
Oxford University Press
1974-08-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/100/2/130
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Copyright (C) 1974, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:100/2/1362015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:100:2
THE EPIDEMIOLOGY AND NATURAL HISTORY OF MEASLES IN DENMARK
HORWITZ, OLE
GRÜNFELD, KIRSTEN
LYSGAARD-HANSEN, BENT
KJELDSEN, KJELD
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS
Horwitz, O. (Danish Institute of Clinical Epidemiology, 25 Svanemøllevej, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark), K. Grünfeld, B. Lysgaard-Hansen and K. Kjeldsen. The epidemiology and natural history of measles in Denmark. <it>Am J Epidemiol</it> 100: 136–149, 1974.—From the national (central) population register for Denmark, a random sample of all children aged 0–14 years was drawn. A questionnaire was sent for each sampled child (a total of 6804 individuals); 6333 (93%) replied. According to the given information, 6126 children could be classified according to their measles (rubeola, morbilli) history; 207 could not be classified and were excluded from the analysis. Among the 6126 children, 612 contracted measles in 1972. The incidence among susceptible children (who had not previously had measles) increased from 100 per 1000 among the youngest to a peak 500 per 1000 among the 6-year-olds; thereafter the rate declined. The incidence was similar in urban areas and rural districts and among girls and boys up to 6 years of age. Girls older than 6 years had higher rates. The clinical course was explored through an interview by a specially trained public health nurse. Four hundred children who had measles in 1972 were selected; all but 13 were interviewed. The diagnosis was confirmed in 382 of the interviewed cases. The disease ran an uncomplicated course in 82%, while 18% of the children had one or two complications. Most frequent were infections of the respiratory system (7%), otitis media (9%) and other inflammatory conditions (3%); one child had encephalitis. The parents judged the course as severe in 28%, as medium in 46%, and as mild in 27%. Nearly half (45%) of the parents who were gainfully occupied outside the home were absent from work in order to care for the children; on the average, a case of measles means the loss of 1.3 man-days. Among the parents, 54% had positive attitudes towards measles vaccination, 30% were negative and 16% were undecided. The results of the sample were converted to a nationwide scale. Estimates are given of the annual number of cases (with or without complications), the number of requested medical visits, as well as the number of children who submitted to chemotherapy or were admitted to hospital.
Oxford University Press
1974-08-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/100/2/136
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Copyright (C) 1974, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:100/2/1502015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:100:2
OUTBREAK OF TYPHOID FEVER IN TRINIDAD IN 1971 TRACED TO A COMMERCIAL ICE CREAM PRODUCT
TAYLOR, ANDREW
SANTIAGO, ALEJANDRO
GONZALEZ-CORTES, ABEL
GANGAROSA, EUGENE J.
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS
Taylor. A., Jr., A. Santiago. A. Gonzalez-Cortes and E. J. Gangarosa (CDC. Atlanta. Ga. 30333). Outbreak of typhoid fever in Trinidad in 1971 traced to a commercial ice cream product. <it>Am J Epidemiol</it> 100: 150–157, 1974.—In April 1971, a nationwide outbreak of typhoid fever involving 132 persons occurred in Trinidad; there were no deaths. Eighty per cent of cases occurred in children ages 5–14, and more than 90% of ill persons lived or went to school in the main towns or in smaller communities along their connecting roads. The epidemic curve suggested a common source, and a series of food preference questionnaires implicated a nationally distributed ice cream product. Further investigation indicated that the product was distributed on only one day, March 23. The mean incubation period was 19 days, and the attack rate for those at risk was slightly greater than 1%. Samples of the ice cream product obtained a month after the outbreak were found to contain greater than 1100 <it>Escherichia coli</it> per 100 ml. Inspection of the plant revealed frequent hand contact with the product and an absence of pasteurization facilities. Although rectal swabs and stool cultures obtained after purgation from employees failed to identify the carrier, epidemiologic evidence suggested that an employee in the plant, rather than a contaminated ingredient, was the source of the outbreak. This outbreak emphasizes the need for mandatory pasteurization of milk and ice cream products, especially when strict sanitary procedures cannot be adhered to or enforced.
Oxford University Press
1974-08-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/100/2/150
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Copyright (C) 1974, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:100/2/772015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:100:2
THE EPIDEMIOLOGY AND CONTROL OF MEASLES
WITTE, JOHN J.
REVIEWS AND COMMENTARY
Oxford University Press
1974-08-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/100/2/77
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Copyright (C) 1974, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:100/2/792015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:100:2
ENCEPHALOPATHY AND PERICARDITIS DURING AN OUTBREAK OF INFLUENZA
EDELEN, JOHN S.
BENDER, THOMAS R.
CHIN, TOM D. Y.
REVIEWS AND COMMENTARY
Oxford University Press
1974-08-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/100/2/79
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Copyright (C) 1974, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:100/2/852015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:100:2
Letter to the Editor Re: "Can Epidemiology Elucidate the Water Story?"
Morton, Wm. E.
REVIEWS AND COMMENTARY
Oxford University Press
1974-08-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/100/2/85
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Copyright (C) 1974, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:100/2/872015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:100:2
FREQUENCY OF CORONARY HEART DISEASE AND CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENTS IN PARENTS AND SONS OF CORONARY HEART DISEASE INDEX CASES AND CONTROLS
PHILLIPS, ROLAND L.
LILIENFELD, ABRAHAM M.
DIAMOND, EARL L.
KAGAN, ABRAHAM
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS
Phillips. R. L. (School of Health. Loma Linda U., Loma Linda. Calif. 92354). A. M. Lilienfeld, E. L. Diamond and A. Kagan. Frequency of coronary heart disease and cerebrovascular accidents in parents and sons of coronary heart disease index cases and controls. <it>Am J Epidemiol</it> 100:87–100, 1974.—A case-control study was designed to determine whether coronary heart disease (CHD) aggregates among brothers and parent-son groups using data obtained directly from the relatives of cases and controls. Brothers and parents of 54% of all Japanese men living in the Honolulu area and born during 1900–1919 were identified during physical examination at the Honolulu Heart Study. One brother born during 1900–1919 either examined at the Honolulu Heart Study or having died in the USA was randomly selected from each of 5981 sibships and designated as the index person. Among the brothers and parents of all index persons with definite CHD (264) and index persons free of CHD (264) matched by age, birth order and sibship size, the risk of CHD detected by examination, questionnaire or death certificate was determined by life table methods. The relative risk for CHD death was 11.3 for fathers of CHD cases with early onset CHD. The relative risk for developing CHD was 2.5 for male sibs of early onset CHD cases. Fathers and male sibs of late onset CHD cases and mothers of either early or late onset CHD cases show no significant excess risk of CHD compared to controls. Fathers of late onset CHD cases and mothers of early onset CHD cases have a small increase in cardiovascular accident deaths over control parents. Various hypotheses are discussed to explain the observed pattern of aggregation. It is concluded that CHD aggregates in father-son pairs in which the son has early onset CHD. Aggregation is less clear among male sibs and is absent among mother-son pairs.
Oxford University Press
1974-08-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/100/2/87
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Copyright (C) 1974, Oxford University Press