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oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:100/3/1592015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:100:3
DIETS AND THE EPIDEMIOLOGIST
SARTWELL, PHILIP E.
REVIEWS AND COMMENTARY
Oxford University Press
1974-09-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/100/3/159
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Copyright (C) 1974, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:100/3/1612015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:100:3
THE RELATIONSHIP OF ALLERGIES TO HYPERTENSION AND OTHER CHRONIC DISEASES: SOME METHODOLOGIC CONSIDERATIONS
STEBBINGS, JAMES H.
REVIEWS AND COMMENTARY
Oxford University Press
1974-09-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/100/3/161
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Copyright (C) 1974, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:100/3/1652015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:100:3
CONFIDENCE LIMITS ON THE RATIO OF TWO POISSON VARIABLES
EDERER, FRED
MANTEL, NATHAN
REVIEWS AND COMMENTARY
Oxford University Press
1974-09-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/100/3/165
en
Copyright (C) 1974, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:100/3/1682015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:100:3
CURRENT SMOKING HABITS BY SELECTED BACKGROUND VARIABLES: THEIR EFFECT ON FUTURE DISEASE TRENDS
WYNDER, ERNST L.
COVEY, LIRIO S.
MABUCHI, KIYOHIKO
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS
Wyndor, E. L. (Division of Epidemiology, Naylor Dana Institute for Disease Prevention, American Health Foundation, 1370 Avenue of the Americas, New York, N. Y. 10019), L. S. Covey and K. Mabuchi. Current smoking habits by selected background variables: their effect on future disease trends.<it>Am J Epidemiol</it> 100:168–177, 1974.—During a retrospective study on the relationship between tobacco usage and various tobacco-related diseases, several cigarette smoke exposure levels were examined in control subjects by background variables. The large sex differences that existed for many smoking intensity factors at older ages were diminished at younger ages. Filter cigarette usage was markedly more common among younger than older individuals for both sexes and more common in females than in males for all ages. Decreased smoke exposure levels as measured by such parameters as nonsmoking, ex-smoking, and filter/low-tar cigarette smoking were found to be associated with high educational achievement and being Jewish. The differences in filter/low-tar cigarette smoking by education and religion were more pronounced in males than in females. We predict the following future trends of tobacco-related diseases: increases in females that are less marked than previously observed in males; further decreases in high socio-economic individuals, particularly in males; continuously low rates among Jewish males; and eventual decreases in males.
Oxford University Press
1974-09-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/100/3/168
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Copyright (C) 1974, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:100/3/1782015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:100:3
FOODBORNE SHIGELLOSIS AT A COUNTRY FAIR
WEISSMAN, JACK B.
WILLIAMS, SANKEY V.
HINMAN, ALAN R.
HAUGHIE, GLENN R.
GANGAROSA, EUGENE J.
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS
Weissman, J. B. (Bureau of Epidemiology, CDC. Atlanta. Ga. 30333). S. V. Williams, A. R. Hinman, G. R. Haughie and E. J. Gangarosa. Foodborne shigellosis at a country fair. <it>Am J Epidemiol</it> 100: 178–185, 1974.—In July 1973 an explosive outbreak of 248 cases of shigellosis caused by <it>Shigella sonnei</it> occurred in Kendall, New York. Most cases occurred within a three-day time period; nearly all patients had attended an annual carnival in Kendall and had eaten at a smorgasbord the night before illness began to occur. Epidemiologic analysis implicated four food items with certain common ingredients as the vehicle of infection. <it>S. sonnei</it> was cultured from one of these four. Identification and education of persons involved in food preparation and handling at fairs and carnivals of this nature may help prevent similar outbreaks in the future.
Oxford University Press
1974-09-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/100/3/178
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Copyright (C) 1974, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:100/3/1862015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:100:3
AN OUTBREAK OF SHIGELLA SONNEI GASTROENTERITIS ON COLORADO RIVER RAFT TRIPS
MERSON, MICHAEL H.
GOLDMANN, DONALD A.
BOYER, KENNETH M.
PETERSON, NORMAN J.
PATTON, CHARLOTTE
EVERETT, LORNE G.
DOWNS, HARRY
STECKLER, ALLEN
BARKER, WILLIAM H.
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS
Merson, M. H. (Enteric Disease Section, Bacterial Disease Branch, Center for Disease Control, Atlanta, Ga. 30333), D. A. Goldmann, K. M. Boyer, N. J. Peterson, C. Patton, L. G. Everett, H. Downs, A. Steckler and W. H. Barker, Jr. An outbreak of <it>Shigella sonnei</it> gastroenteritis on Colorado River raft trips. <it>Am J Epidemiol</it> 100:186–196, 1974.—In the summer of 1972 an extensive outbreak of acute gastroenteritis occurred among passengers and boatmen on Colorado River raft trips. The illness was characterized by diarrhea, abdominal cramps, and fever, and laboratory results indicated that the outbreak was caused by <it>Shigella sonnei</it>. Epidemiologic evidence suggested that illness originated among boatmen and spread to passengers primarily by person-to-person transmission. No common food or water vehicle could be identified as the source of the outbreak. A bacteriologic and chemical analysis of water from the Colorado River and some of its tributaries demonstrated that this water is unsuitable for drinking unless purified. As a result of the outbreak, the Colorado River Health Committee was created to establish guidelines for food and water handling and sewage disposal aboard the rafts and to initiate a health training course for boatmen.
Oxford University Press
1974-09-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/100/3/186
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Copyright (C) 1974, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:100/3/1972015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:100:3
ANTIBODIES TO TOXOPLASMA GONDII AND COXIELLA BURNETI AMONG STUDENTS AND OTHER PERSONNEL IN VETERINARY COLLEGES IN CALIFORNIA AND BRAZIL
RIEMANN, HANS P.
BRANT, PAULO C.
FRANTI, CHARLES E.
REIS, RONALDO
BUCHANAN, AUDRIA M.
STORMONT, CLYDE
BEHYMER, DARRELL E.
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS
Riemann, H. P., P. C. Brant, C. E. Franti (School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Calif. 95616), R. Reis, A. M. Buchanan, C. Stormont and D. E. Behymer. Antibodies to <it>Toxoplasma gondii</it> and <it>Coxiella burneti</it> among students and other personnel in veterinary colleges in California and Brazil. <it>Am J Epidemiol</it> 100:197–208, 1974.—An epidemiologic investigation was carried out on persons associated with the School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, California, or with the School of Veterinary Medicine, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil, to compare prevalence and environmental factors associated with toxoplasmosis (<it>Toxoplasma gondii</it>) and Q fever (<it>Coxiella burneti</it>). Of 219 persons tested in Brazil, 46% (100) had antibodies to <it>Toxoplasma</it> detectable by the indirect hemagglutination test and 22% (48) had antibodies to <it>C. burneti</it> by the microagglutination test. Of 138 persons tested in California, 27 (20%) were seropositive for <it>Toxoplasma</it> and 14 (10%) had antibodies to <it>C. burneti</it>. The factors examined for possible implication in the spread of these two diseases from animals to humans were: 1) degree of contact with cats, dogs, cattle, swine, horses, sheep and goats, poultry, and “other” animal species; 2) consumption of unpasteurized dairy products or raw or rare-cooked meat; and 3) rural or urban background and duration of rural residence. Approximately 7% of the persons tested had antibodies to both <it>Toxoplasma</it> and <it>C. burneti</it>, and persons seropositive to both antigens tended to have frequent contact with more species of animals than did persons who were seronegative to both. However, no particular species could be incriminated. The differences between groups seropositive and seronegative for <it>Toxoplasma</it> and/or <it>C. burneti</it> in each country were not sufficient to incriminate any single factor of individual activity as a major source of infection.
Oxford University Press
1974-09-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/100/3/197
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Copyright (C) 1974, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:100/3/2092015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:100:3
AN OUTBREAK OF AN INFLUENZA TYPE A VARIANT IN A CLOSED POPULATION: THE EFFECT OF HOMOLOGOUS AND HETEROLOGOUS ANTIBODY ON INFECTION AND ILLNESS
GREENBERG, S. B.
COUCH, R. B.
KASEL, J. A.
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS
Greenberg, S. B. (Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine. 1200 Moursund Avenue. Houston, Texas 77025), R. B. Couch and J. A. Kasel. An outbreak of an influenza type A variant in a closed population: the effect of homologous and heterologous antibody on infection and illness. <it>Am J Epidemiol</it> 100:209–215. 1974.—An outbreak of influenza caused by the England variant of type A influenza virus was studied in a Texas prison population during January 1973. The effect of pre-existing serum Hong Kong and England antihemagglutinin (AHAb) and antineuraminidase (ANAb) antibody on the occurrence of infection and illness was evaluated. One hundred forty-seven (69%) of 230 men studied experienced influenza virus infection and 97 of 147 (66%) exhibited illness. Of 147 men who were infected, 55% or 81 men had both virus isolations and fourfold antibody rises by HI tests; 27 had virus isolations only and 39 had antibody rise in HI tests only. Increasing Hong Kong AHAb was associated with decreasing frequencies of infection, of overall illness and of illness among those infected. Men with prior Hong Kong ANAb had less infection and illness than those lacking such antibody but the frequencies of these did not decrease with increasing levels of antibody. Men who had both pre-existing Hong Kong AHAb and ANAb in their sera had significantly lower illness and infection rates than those with only Hong Kong AHAb or ANAb in their pre-outbreak sera. Men with pre-existing England AHAb and/or ANAb in their sera had significantly lower illness and infection rates than those without England antibody.
Oxford University Press
1974-09-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/100/3/209
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Copyright (C) 1974, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:100/3/2162015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:100:3
INFLUENZA A/ENGLAND: AN OUTBREAK AT A MILITARY ACADEMY
BLOUSE, LOUIS E.
KOLONEL, LAURENCE N.
CORRADO, VIVIAN
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS
Blouse, L E. (Epidemiology Division. USAF School of Aerospace Medicine. Brooks AFB, Texas 78236), L. N. Kolonel and V. Corrado. Influenza A/England: an outbreak at a military academy. <it>Am J Epidemiol</it> 100:216–221. 1974.—The first outbreak of A/England influenza in the United States during the 1972–1973 respiratory season is described. The outbreak was confined to an unvaccinated population of 3935 cadets at the U.S. Air Force Academy, Colorado. During the 10-day period of the outbreak, 778 (19.8 per cent) of the cadets were affected, and specific attack rates for each of the four cadet classes ranged from 170.8/1000 to 227.1/1000. For three days preceding the outbreak, about 400 recently vaccinated naval midshipmen from the U.S. Naval Academy shared quarters with the Air Force cadets. During the four days following the visit, a single midshipman developed possible influenza whereas, in the same period, 352 cadet cases were recognized. The highly significant difference in attack rates (2.5 versus 89.5/1000) provides evidence for the efficacy of the 1972–1973 influenza vaccine against the A/ England/42/72 variant.
Oxford University Press
1974-09-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/100/3/216
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Copyright (C) 1974, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:100/3/2222015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:100:3
AN EPIZOOTIC OF SENDAI INFECTION WITH MORTALITY IN A BARRIER-MAINTAINED MOUSE COLONY
BHATT, PRAVIN N.
JONAS, ALBERT M.
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS
Bhatt, P. N. and A. M. Jonas (Section of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine. 375 Congress Avenue, New Haven, Conn. 06510). An epizootic of Sendai virus infection with mortality in a barrier-maintained mouse colony. <it>Am J Epidemiol</it> 100:222–229, 1974.—A spontaneous outbreak of Sendai virus infection that occurred in a barrier-maintained mouse colony was investigated. Sudden unexpected deaths in newborns were the first indication of the outbreak. The epizootic with mortality lasted about 3 weeks. In approximately 7320 litters, all littermates died in 53 litters and some deaths occurred in 131 litters. In the 184 affected litters, 1104 of the 1940 littermates died. The mortality was highest in 10- to 14-day-old-mice. The outbreak was attributed to Sendai virus infection on the basis of virus isolations and serologic conversion. Antibodies to other murine viruses remained unchanged. After the outbreak, the mice in the colony showed evidence of enzootic infection as determined by high prevalence of antibody to Sendai virus but there was no overt disease. This is the first reported mouse colony outbreak of Sendai virus infection which was associated with overt disease and mortality.
Oxford University Press
1974-09-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/100/3/222
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Copyright (C) 1974, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:100/3/2302015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:100:3
EVIDENCE FOR PERSISTENCE OF INFECTIOUS AGENTS IN ISOLATED HUMAN POPULATIONS
BLACK, FRANCIS L.
HIERHOLZER, WALTER J.
PINHEIRO, FRANCISCO DKP.
EVANS, ALFRED S.
WOODALL, JOHN P.
OPTON, EDWARD M.
EMMONS, JEAN E.
WEST, BERNICE S.
EDSALL, GEOFFREY
DOWNS, WILBUR G.
WALLACE, GORDON D.
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS
Black. F. L. (Dept. of Epidemiology and Public Health. Yale University School of Medicine, 60 College Street, New Haven, Conn. 06510), W. J. Hierholzer, F. deP. Pinheiro. A. S. Evans, J. P. Woodall, E. M. Opton, J. E. Emmons, B. S. West, G. Edsall, W. G. Downs and G. D. Wallace. Evidence for persistence of infectious agents in isolated human populations. <it>Am J Epidemiol</it> 100:230–250, 1974.—More than 900 members of three Carib and four Kayapo Indian tribes, living on the periphery of the Amazon basin, have been studied for immunity to various viral, bacterial and protozoal agents. These tribes are isolated from the main Brazilian culture, and several had remained hostile and dependent on stone tools until less than 10 years prior to the study. The prevalence of antibodies to herpesvirus types 1 and 2, Epstein-Barr virus, cytomegalovirus, varicella and hepatitis B antigen was very high in every tribe studied. The age of acquisition of immunity was lower than in previously studied cosmopolitan communities. These agents seem to maintain a very stable relation with their host populations. Antibodies to measles, mumps, rubella, influenza A<inf>0</inf>, A<inf>2</inf> and B, parainfluenza 1, 2 and 3 and poliovirus 1 were nearly or totally absent from one or more tribes. When these antibodies were found in anyone who had not been outside the tribial area, they were usually found in nearly everyone over a specific age. These agents seem to maintain an unstable relation with their hosts, appearing only when introduced from the outside and then disappearing again. There was no evidence of smallpox in any tribe. Antibodies to the arboviruses (yellow fever viruses, IIhéus, and Mayaro) were found with high frequency in certain areas. Prevalence of antibody to these viruses increased gradually with age, suggesting endemicity of a different order from that of the herpes group viruses. Antibody to Toxoplasma was absent from children but was frequently present in older adults. Antibody to treponema had a very high prevalence in the Kayapo tribes without evidence of pathology, suggesting that the parasite present in these communities was well adapted to its host. Malaria and tuberculosis, on the other hand, caused extensive and severe morbidity and threatened destruction of their host populations. Tetanus antibodies were virtually absent.
Oxford University Press
1974-09-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/100/3/230
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Copyright (C) 1974, Oxford University Press