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oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:100/6/4252015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:100:6
COMMUNITY SURVEILLANCE FOR CORONARY HEART DISEASE: THE FRAMINGHAM CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE SURVEY: METHODS AND PRELIMINARY RESULTS
MARGOLIS, JAMES R
GILLUM, RICHARD F.
FEINLEIB, MANNING
BRASCH, ROBERT C.
FABSITZ, RICHARD R
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS
Margolis, J. R., R. F. Gillum, M. Feinleib, R. Brasch and R. Fabsitz (National Heart and Lung Institute. Bethesda, Md. 20014). Community surveillance for coronary heart disease: the Framingham Cardiovascular Disease Survey. Methods and preliminary results. <it>Am J Epidemiol</it> 100: 425–436, 1974.—The Framingham Cardiovascular Disease Survey was undertaken to test the hypothesis that a short-term surveillance study of a defined population could yield incidence data comparable to those obtained by an elaborate longitudinal study of the same population, at a fraction of the cost. New cases of coronary heart disease (CHD), congestive heart failure (CHF) and stroke occurring from June 15, 1970 through June 14, 1971, were detected by monitoring admissions to hospitals and nursing homes, reporting of new events by local physicians and perusal of death certificates. Necessary data on each case were collected and reviewed by a panel of physicians using strict diagnostic criteria. Incidence rates based on 332 CHD or CHF events were calculated and were found to be consistent with findings of the Framingham Heart Study. A one-year community surveillance study is an economical and reasonably accurate method of determining the incidence of CHD and CHF.
Oxford University Press
1974-12-01 00:00:00.0
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oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:100/6/4372015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:100:6
A LONGITUDINAL STUDY OF BLOOD PRESSURE IN CHILDHOOD
ZINNER, STEPHEN H.
MARTIN, LOUIS F.
SACKS, FRANK
ROSNER, BERNARD
KASS, EDWARD H.
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS
Zinner, S. H. (Charming Laboratory, Boston City Hospital, Boston, Mass. 02118), L. F. Martin, F. Sacks, B. Rosner and E. H. Kass. A longitudinal study of blood pressure in childhood. <it>Am J Epidemiol</it> 100: 437–442, 1974.—Blood pressures were taken in 609 children aged 6–18 in 163 families, 549 of whom had been studied 4 years earlier. Age and sex adjusted scores were expressed in standard deviation units (SDU). Analysis of variance again revealed the variance of blood pressures within families to be significantly less than among all children in this age group (<it>p</it> <.001). There was a significant positive relation between the follow-up and initial readings (regression coefficients: 0.24, <it>p</it> <.001 for systolic and 0.14, <it>p</it> = .001 for diastolic pressures). Of 88 children with initial systolic scores greater than 1 SDU above the mean, 65% had positive scores at follow-up, and 57 of 81 (70%) children with initial systolic scores less than 1 SDU below the mean had negative scores at followup. These data suggest that stratification of blood pressures within peer groups begins and is detectable in childhood.
Oxford University Press
1974-12-01 00:00:00.0
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/100/6/437
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Copyright (C) 1974, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:100/6/4432015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:100:6
THE INTERRELATIONSHIP OF MATERNAL SMOKING AND INCREASED PERINATAL MORTALITY WITH OTHER RISK FACTORS. FURTHER ANALYSIS OF THE ONTARIO PERINATAL MORTALITY STUDY, 1960-1961
MEYER, MARY B.
TONASCIA, JAMES A.
BUCK, CAROL
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS
Meyer, M. B., (Johns Hopkins U., School of Hygiene and Public Health. Baltimore, Md. 21205), J. A. Tonascia and C. Buck. The interrelationship of maternal smoking and increased perinatal mortality with other risk factors. Further analysis of the Ontario Perinatal Mortality Study 1960–1961. <it>Am J Epidemiol</it> 100:443–452,1974.—Increased perinatal mortality among smokers babies has been observed in many but not in all studies, with a statistically significant difference in some. This paper explores the hypothesis that maternal smoking may interact with other risk factors, so that a dose-related increase in perinatal mortality may be enhanced or masked depending upon the presence or absence of these factors. Data are from the Ontario Perinatal Mortality Study of all single births in 10 teaching hospitals in Ontario in 1960–1961, a total of 51, 490 births, including 701 fetal deaths and 655 early neonatal deaths. Perinatal mortality increased significantly with smoking, and was also affected by such factors as maternal age, parity, hospital status, previous pregnancy history, hemoglobin level, and others. Smoking frequencies also varied by many of these characteristics. Perinatal mortality was therefore analyzed by the amount smoked during pregnancy within subgroups of these antecedent risk factors. When smoking and other risk factors were cross-tabulated among 52 data subgroups, only the light smokers (<1 pack per day) under age 20 had lower perinatal mortality rates than their nonsmoking counterparts. In almost all subgroups the mortality increase with smoking was dose-related, but not in a simple, linear way. The increased risk of perinatal mortality associated with light smoking among young, low-parity, non-anemic mothers was less than 10%. At the other extreme, mothers of high parity, public hospital status, with previous low birthweight births, or with hemoglobin less than 11 gm had increased perinatal mortality risks of 70–100% when they were heavy smokers. The failure of some studies to find a significant increase in perinatal mortality with maternal smoking may be due to selection of study populations from the end of the spectrum where light smoking is associated with only a slight increase in perinatal risk. Other studies may select higher risk populations, where the influence of smoking on mortality is stronger. Depending on the magnitude of the difference, the amount smoked, and the size of the study, results might or might not be statistically significant.
Oxford University Press
1974-12-01 00:00:00.0
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/100/6/443
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Copyright (C) 1974, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:100/6/4532015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:100:6
MAIL SURVEY RESPONSE BY SMOKING STATUS
SELTZER, CARL C.
BOSSE, RAYMOND
GARVEY, ARTHUR J.
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS
Seltzer, C. C. (Harvard School of Public Health. Boston. Mass. 02115). R. Bosse and A. J. Garvey. Mail survey response by smoking status. <it>Am J Epidemiol</it> 100:453–457,1974.—A detailed smoking history questionnaire was mailed to a series of 1987 white male veterans participating in the Normative Aging Study of the Veterans' Administration Outpatient Clinic in Boston, Mass. Response time from mailing date to return date was determined and then compared by various smoker categories. Although a total response rate of 96% was achieved after six months, the results showed that cigarette smoker response rates were considerably lower than the other smoker categories within 30 days and within 60 days of the original mailing date. Cigarette smokers would therefore be under-represented if the data collection had ended within these spans of time; and even to some extent after six months had elapsed from time of original mailing. A relationship was also found between amounts of cigarettes smoked and rate of response with heavier smokers being slowest to respond. The implications of the findings with respect to cohort studies of smoking and health are discussed.
Oxford University Press
1974-12-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/100/6/453
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Copyright (C) 1974, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:100/6/4582015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:100:6
THE TECUMSEH STUDY OF RESPIRATORY ILLNESS: VII. FURTHER OBSERVATIONS ON THE OCCURRENCE OF RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUS AND MYCOPLASMA PNEUMONIAE INFECTIONS
MONTO, ARNOLD S.
BRYAN, ELZA RENCIS
RHODES, LENORE M.
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS
Monto, A. S. (U. of Michigan School of Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48104), E. R. Bryan and L. M. Rhodes. The Tecumseh study of respiratory illness. VII. Further observations on the occurrence of respiratory syncytial virus and <it>Mycoplasma pneumoniae</it> infections. <it>Am J Epidemiol</it> 100: 458–468 1974.—The occurrence of infection with respiratory syncytial (RS) virus and <it>Mycoplasma pneumoniae</it> was determined over a 6-year period among residents of Tecumseh, Michigan by isolation and serology. RS virus infection was detected for a variable time each year during the months extending from November to May. There was little viral activity in intervals between these periods of prevalence, which occurred on an alternating short-long cycle. Higher infection rates were detected in periods preceding the long interval than were detected in periods preceding the short interval. Viruses isolated from serial annual outbreaks did not show any sequential changes in antigens, although some variation in antigenic structure was apparent. Infections were common in school-age children, indicating the role of this population in transmission. Young girls were infected as often as young boys, suggesting that observed differences in occurrence of illness must be related to differences in expression of infection. In contrast to RS virus, <it>M. pneumoniae</it> did not appear and disappear annually, but like it, the school-age group was most heavily involved in infection.
Oxford University Press
1974-12-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/100/6/458
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Copyright (C) 1974, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:100/6/4692015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:100:6
SEROLOGICALLY ACTIVE GLYCOLIPID FAMILIES FROM MYCOBACTERIUM BOVIS BCG: I. EXTRACTION, PURIFICATION AND IMMUNOLOGIC STUDIES
REGGIARDO, ZULEMA
MIDDLEBROOK, GARDNER
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS
Reggiardo, Z., and G. Middlebrook (Dept. Pathology. U. of Maryland. School of Medicine, Baltimore. Md. 21201). Serologically active glycolipid families from <it>Mycobacterium bovis</it> BCG. I. Extraction, purification and immunologic studies. <it>Am J Epidemiol</it> 100: 469–476. 1974.—Glycolipids were extracted from mycobacteria with methanol and chloroform and purified by silicic acid chromatography. These glycolipids were studied for their serologic activity by direct and indirect (Coomb's) passive hemagglutination, and by inhibition methods. Three families of serologically active glycolipids called <it>A, B</it> and <it>C</it>, plus cardiolipin, were isolated. The <it>B</it> and <it>C</it> families of glycolipids were reactive with sera from BCG immunized rabbits and also with sera from patients with tuberculosis and leprosy; the <it>A</it> family was reactive only with the human sera. None of the serologically active glycolipids was able to protect rabbits against tuberculosis.
Oxford University Press
1974-12-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/100/6/469
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oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:100/6/4772015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:100:6
SEROLOGICALLY ACTIVE GLYCOLIPID FAMILIES FROM MYCOBACTERIUM BOVIS BCG: II. SEROLOGIC STUDIES ON HUMAN SERA
REGGIARDO, ZULEMA
MIDDLEBROOK, GARDNER
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS
Reggiardo, Z., and G. Middlebrook (Dept. Pathology. U. of Maryland. School of Medicine, Baltimore. Md. 21201). Serologically active glycolipid families from <it>Mycobacterium bovis</it> BCG. II. Serologic studies on human sera. <it>Am J Epidemiol</it> 100: 477–486, 1974—Serological tests with serologically active glycolipids from <it>Mycobacterium bovis</it> BCG were investigated for their possible use in the diagnosis of mycobacterioses. The results were positive with 95% of sera from patients with far advanced and moderately advanced tuberculosis, 80% of sera from patients with newly diagnosed tuberculosis and 75% of patients with atypical mycobacterial diseases. “False” positive serologic reactions were obtained from 4% or less. Furthermore, 39% of sera from recent tuberculin converters were positive compared with only 9% of sera from unselected PPD positive individuals.
Oxford University Press
1974-12-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/100/6/477
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oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:100/6/4872015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:100:6
A CASE OF CHOLERA IN TEXAS, 1973
WEISSMAN, JACK B.
DEWITT, WALLIS E.
THOMPSON, JAMES
MUCHNICK, CARL N.
PORTNOY, BENJAMIN L.
FEELEY, JOHN C.
GANGAROSA, EUGENE J.
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS
Weissman, J. B., W. E. DeWitt. J. Thompson, C. N. Muchnick, B. L. Portnoy. J. C. Feeley and E. J. Gangarosa (CDC, Atlanta, Ga. 30333). A case of cholera in Texas, 1973. <it>Am J Epidemiol</it> 100:487–498, 1974The first naturally acquired case of cholera reported in the United States since 1911 occurred in a 51-year-old resident of Port Lavaca, Texas. Extensive epidemiologic investigation of the patient's contacts and environment did not identify a cholera carrier or elucidate a pathway of transmission, but several avenues of investigation suggested possible means by which the patient may have acquired his infection. No secondary spread resulted from this case, and its occurrence did not endanger the community at large.
Oxford University Press
1974-12-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/100/6/487
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oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:100/6/4992015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:100:6
ACCIDENTAL FIREARM FATALITIES IN A METROPOLITAN COUNTY (1958-1973)
RUSHFORTH, NORMAN B.
HIRSCH, CHARLES S.
FORD, AMASA B.
ADELSON, LESTER
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS
Rushforth, N. B. (Dept. Biology. Case Western Reserve U., Cleveland. Ohio 44106). C. S. Hirsch. A. B. Ford and L. Adelson. Accidental firearm fatalities in a metropolitan county (1958–1973). <it>Am J Epidemiol</it> 100:499–505, 1974.—A study of accidental firearm fatalities in Cuyahoga County, Ohio, (Metropolitan Cleveland) from 1958–1973, inclusive, has shown a threefold increase in the rate of such deaths since 1967. They are more frequent in the central city than in the suburbs, show a male preponderance, are more common in nonwhites, have a peak prevalence in the 25–34-year age range and usually happen in the home. Approximately half of the adult victims had been drinking alcoholic beverages when shot. It is hypothesized that the frequency of accidental firearm fatalities is primarily related to the number of guns, particularly handguns, in civilian possession. The data indicate that a loaded firearm in the home is more likely to cause an accidental death than to be used as a lethal weapon against an intruder.
Oxford University Press
1974-12-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/100/6/499
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Copyright (C) 1974, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:100/6/5062015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:100:6
Proceedings of the Society for Epidemiologic Research
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS
Oxford University Press
1974-12-01 00:00:00.0
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/100/6/506
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Copyright (C) 1974, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:100/6/507-a2015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:100:6
Abstracts of Papers Presented at the Seventh Annual Meeting of the Society for Epidemiologic Research
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS
Oxford University Press
1974-12-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/100/6/507-a
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Copyright (C) 1974, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:100/6/5072015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:100:6
INDEX
INDEX
Oxford University Press
1974-12-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/100/6/507
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Copyright (C) 1974, Oxford University Press