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oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:102/6/4692015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:102:6
INTERNATIONAL STUDIES IN EPIDEMIOLOGY
REID, D. D.
REVIEWS AND COMMENTARY
Oxford University Press
1975-12-01 00:00:00.0
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/102/6/469
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Copyright (C) 1975, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:102/6/4772015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:102:6
EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDIES OF CORONARY HEART DISEASE AND STROKE IN JAPANESE MEN LIVING IN JAPAN, HAWAII AND CALIFORNIA: INTRODUCTION
SYME, S. L.
MARMOT, M. G.
KAGAN, A.
KATO, H.
RHOADS, G.
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS
Syme. S. L. (School of Public Health. U. of California. Berkeley. CA 94720). M. G. Marmot. A. Kagan, H. Kato and G. Rhoads. Epidemiologic studies of coronary heart disease and stroke in Japanese men living in Japan, Hawaii and California: Introduction. <it>Am J Epidemiol</it> 102:477–480, 1975. It has been observed that among men of Japanese ancestry, there is a gradient in CHD mortality increasing from Japan to Hawaii to California. A study of 11,900 Japanese men inHiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan, Honolulu, Hawaii, and the San Francisco Bay Area of California has been conducted to investigate this disease difference. This paper describes the selection of the study populations and their age distributions, and outlines the study methods. This paper also introduces and briefly summarizes four papers that give the results for mortality comparisons, biochemical and blood pressure distributions and results forheart disease prevalence among the three cohorts.
Oxford University Press
1975-12-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/102/6/477
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Copyright (C) 1975, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:102/6/4812015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:102:6
EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDIES OF CORONARY HEART DISEASE AND STROKE IN JAPANESE MEN LIVING IN JAPAN, HAWAII AND CALIFORNIA: MORTALITY
WORTH, R. M.
KATO, H.
RHOADS, G. G.
KAGAN, A.
SYME, S. L.
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS
Worth, R. M., H. Kato, G. G. Rhoads, A. Kagan and S. L. Syme (School of Public Health.U. of California. Berkeley. CA 94720). Epidemiologic studies of coronary heart disease and stroke in Japanese men living in Japan, Hawaii and California: Mortality. <it>Am J Epidemiol</it> 102:481–490. 1975. Stroke, coronary heart disease (CHD) and total mortality are evaluated from death certificates in enumerated cohorts of 45–64-year-old Japanese men in Hiroshima and Nagasaki (1965–1970), in Honolulu (1966–1970), and in the San Francisco area (1968–1972). Total mortality is highest in Japan with no consistent differences between Japanese Americans in Honolulu and San Francisco. Age-specific CHD death rates are markedly lower in all three Japanese groups than in American whites. The CHD rates are consistently and significantly lower in Japan than in American Japanese. Stroke death rates for American Japanese men appear equivalent to figures for US white men of the same age, but are significantly lower than in the Japan cohort for the 60–64-year-old group.The number of stroke deaths below that age are too few as yet for analysis. Validation ofmortality ascertainment and of the accuracy of death certification has been carried out in Japan and in Hawaii. The international differences in mortality do not appear to be dueto certification or other methodologic artifact.
Oxford University Press
1975-12-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/102/6/481
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Copyright (C) 1975, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:102/6/4912015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:102:6
EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDIES OF CORONARY HEART DISEASE AND STROKE IN JAPANESE MEN LIVING IN JAPAN, HAWAII AND CALIFORNIA: DISTRIBUTION OF BIOCHEMICAL RISK FACTORS
NICHAMAN, M. Z.
HAMILTON, H. B.
KAGAN, A.
GRIER, T.
SACKS, S. T.
SYME, S. L.
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS
Nichaman, M. Z., H. B. Hamilton, A. Kagan, T. Grier, S. T. Sacks, and S. L.Syme (School of Public Health. U. of California. Berkeley. CA 94720). Epidemiologic studies of coronary heart disease and stroke in Japanese men living in Japan, Hawaii and California: Distribution of biochemical risk factors. <it>Am J Epidemiol</it> 102:491–501. 1975. Distributions of serum cholesterol, glucose, uric acid and triglycerides are examined among Japanese men living in Japan, Hawaii and California. Laboratory methods are described in detail and efforts to assure comparability of these methods. In every age group studied, the mean, median and percentile for each of the biochemical variables are lower formen in Japan than in Hawaii and California.
Oxford University Press
1975-12-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/102/6/491
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Copyright (C) 1975, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:102/6/5022015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:102:6
EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDIES OF CORONARY HEART DISEASE AND STROKE IN JAPANESE MEN LIVING IN JAPAN, HAWAII AND CALIFORNIA: BLOOD PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION
WINKELSTEIN, W.
KAGAN, A.
KATO, H.
SACKS, S. T.
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS
Winkelstein, W., Jr. (School of Public Health. U. of California. Berkeley. CA 94720), A. Kagan, H. Kato and S. T. Sacks. Epidemiologic studies of coronary heart disease and stroke in Japanese men living in Japan, Hawaii and California: blood pressure distributions.<it>Am J Epidemiol</it>102:502–513, 1975. Blood pressure measurements were made on three Japanese populations residing in Japan, Honolulu, and Northern California. A common protocol was utilized in an effort to standardize inter-observer variability. Zero terminal digit preference varied among the three areas and there was differential clustering of diastolic values at 80 mm Hg and 90 mm Hg in Hawaii and California, respectively. Diastolic blood pressure did not rise with age in any of the three populations while systolic blood pressure rose in each. Blood pressure levels in Japanese in Japan were intermediate to those in Hawaiian and Northern CaliforniaJapanese, California having the higher blood pressure levels. Since the relative weights of the Japanese migrants to Hawaii and California were substantially higher than the relative weights of the non-migrant populations in Japan, the blood pressures were adjusted for these differences. When this was done, most of the differences among the various studysubgroups were explained. The findings indicate that the blood pressure distributions ofthe Japanese populations residing in Japan, Hawaii, and Northern California cannot of themselves account for the observed differences in coronary heart disease and stroke occurrence among these populations in which there is a gradient from high stroke rates in Japanto low rates in California and a reverse trend for coronary heart disease.
Oxford University Press
1975-12-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/102/6/502
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Copyright (C) 1975, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:102/6/5142015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:102:6
EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDIES OF CORONARY HEART DISEASE AND STROKE IN JAPANESE MEN LIVING IN JAPAN, HAWAII AND CALIFORNIA: PREVALENCE OF CORONARY AND HYPERTENSIVE HEART DISEASE AND ASSOCIATED RISK FACTORS
MARMOT, M. G.
SYME, S. L.
KAGAN, A.
KATO, H.
COHEN, J. B.
BELSKY, J.
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS
Marmot. M. G. (School of Public Health. U. of California, Berkeley. CA 94720). S. L. Syme, A. Kagan, H. Kato. J. B. Cohen and J. Belsky. Epidemiologic studies of coronary heart disease and stroke in Japanese men living in Japan, Hawaii and California: Prevalence of coronary and hypertensive heart disease and associated risk factors.<it>Am J Epidemiol</it>102:514–525. 1975. A study of coronary heart disease (CHD) among Japanese migrants compared with Japaneseliving in Japan provided the opportunity to study factors possibly responsible for the high rates of CHD in America as compared with Japan. Comparable methods were employed in examining 11, 900 men of Japanese ancestry aged 45–69 living in Japan, Hawaii and California. The age-adjusted prevalence rates for definite CHD as determined by ECG were: Japan 5.3, Hawaii 5.2 and California 10.8/1000. For definite plus possible CHD therates were 25.4, 34.7 and 44.6. The prevalence of angina pectoris and pain of possible myocardial infarction, determined by questionnaire, showed a similar gradient. Elevated serum cholesterol showed a Japan-Hawaii-California gradient, but the prevalence of hypertension in Japan was intermediate between the prevalence in Hawaii and the higher prevalence in California. The three geographic locations were compared as to prevalence of CHD at comparable levels of blood pressure and cholesterol. At each blood pressure level and at each cholesterol level, the greater prevalence of CHD in California persisted. These facts, plus the near universality of smoking in Japan, suggest that conventional risk factors only partly explain the observed gradient in CHD.
Oxford University Press
1975-12-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/102/6/514
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Copyright (C) 1975, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:102/6/5262015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:102:6
PREVALENCE OF INTESTINAL PARASITES IN LATINO RESIDENTS OF CHICAGO
WINSBERG, GWYNNE ROESELER
SONNENSCHEIN, ELIZABETH
DYER, ALAN R.
SCHNADIG, VICKI
BONILLA, ESPERANZA
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS
Winsberg, G. R. (Dept. of Community Health and Preventive Medicine, Northwestern U. Medical School. Chicago, IL 60611), E. Sonnenschein, A. R. Dyer, V. Schnadig and E. Bonilla. Prevalence of intestinal parasites in Latino residents of Chicago.<it>Am J Epidemiol</it> 102:526–532, 1975. In 1970, 250,000 Spanish-speaking persons resided in Chicago, 80,000 of whom were Puerto Rican. Because migration to Chicago is constantly occurring from areas where intestinal parasites are endemic, a survey was conducted in a predominantly Puerto Rican neighborhood to determine the prevalence of these parasites and to provide impetus for further case finding and treatment programs. The survey was part of an epidemiologic and clinical study of schistosomiasis. Teams of medical students and outreach workers going door-to-doorobtained histories, hematocrits, and single stool specimens from 358 individuals. An overall intestinal parasite prevalence rate of 18.6% (67 persons) was found. Specific rates were <it>Trichuris trichiura</it> 13.9% (50 cases), hookworm 6.6% (24 cases), <it>Giardia lamblia</it> 3.9% (14 cases), and <it>Strongyloides stercoralis</it> 1.7% (6 cases). There were no cases of <it>Ascaris lumbricoides</it> or <it>Entamoeba histolytica</it>, although several nonpathogenic protozoa were found. The most affected age groups were 15–24 years followed by 5–14. Two of the <it>Giardia</it> cases were individuals never out of the continental United States. An incidental finding was a high rate of low hematocrit readings not correlated with the parasite findings.
Oxford University Press
1975-12-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/102/6/526
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Copyright (C) 1975, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:102/6/5332015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:102:6
SEROSURVEY FOR "ACUTE HEMORRHAGIC CONJUNCTIVITIS" VIRUS (ENTEROVIRUS 70) ANTIBODIES IN THE SOUTHEASTERN UNITED STATES, WITH REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE AND SOME EPIDEMIOLOGIC IMPLICATIONS
HIERHOLZER, J. C.
HILLIARD, K. A.
ESPOSITO, J. J.
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS
Hierholzer. J. C. (CDC. Atlanta. GA 30333). K A. Hilliard and J. J. Esposito. Serosurvey for “acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis” virus (enterovirus 70) antibodies in the southeastern United States, with review of the literature and some epidemiologic implications. <it>Am J Epidemiol</it> 102:533–544. 1975. Acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis (AHC) has been epidemic throughout much of the Eastern Hemisphere since its emergence in central West Africa in 1969. The disease has a distinctive clinical picture and an unusual geographic epidemiology. Between 1969 and 1975 AHC has occurred almost exclusively in crowded coastal areas of tropical countries during hot, rainy seasons. Only a few documented outbreaks have occurred in inland cities and in subtropical or temperate climate zones. Of 1014 residents of the eastern or southeastern United States who were screened for neutralizing antibodies to three or four strains of AHCvirus (enterovirus type 70), three (0.3%) had titers ranging from 1:10 to 1:40. However, no clinical evidence of prior experience with AHC disease could be ascertained forthese persons, so that the antigenic specificity of the detected antibodies is unknown. We conclude that populations of coastal tropical areas of northern South America and all of Central America are vulnerable to AHC epidemics.
Oxford University Press
1975-12-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/102/6/533
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Copyright (C) 1975, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:102/6/5452015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:102:6
EPIDEMIC HEPATITIS B: A SUSTAINED OUTBREAK IN A LARGE MILITARY POPULATION
ALLEN, ALFRED M.
IRWIN, GILBERT R.
KÂRWACKI, JEROME J.
WARREN, DANIEL C.
LEVINE, ROBERT S.
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS
Allen, A. M., G. R. Irwin (Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Washington, DC 20012), J. J. Karwacki, D. C. Warren and R. S. Levine. Epidemic hepatitis B: a sustained outbreak in a large military population.<it>Am J Epidemiol</it>102:545–552, 1975. A sustained outbreak of viral hepatitis occurred at an Army base in Texas between January 1971 and June 1973. Seven hundred ninety-two admissions but no deaths were recorded in a military population of 35, 000. Cases were sporadic, with highest attack rates in low-ranking soldiers with disciplinary problems. Twenty-nine per cent of patients had histories of intravenous drug use within six months prior to hospitalization; most of the rest had close personal contact with jaundiced persons. Of 505 patients tested, 31% were seropositive for hepatitis B antigen (HB<inf>8</inf>Ag) by counterelectrophoresis. Comparison of 38 hepatitis patients (cases) to 34 orthopedic patients (controls) revealed marked differences in rates of exposure to jaundiced persons and shared needles. Sixteen (94%) of 17 antigenemic cases tested were of subtype ayw. Seven (78%) of nine HB<inf>8</inf>Ag-negative cases tested were antibody (anti-HB<inf>8</inf>) positive threemonths later.
Oxford University Press
1975-12-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/102/6/545
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Copyright (C) 1975, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:102/6/5532015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:102:6
THE TECUMSEH STUDY OF RESPIRATORY ILLNESS: IX. OCCURRENCE OF INFLUENZA IN THE COMMUNITY, 1966-1971
MONTO, ARNOLD S.
KIOUMEHR, FARIDEH
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS
Monto, A S . (U. of Michigan. School of Public Health, Ann Arbor. Ml 48104) and F. Kioumehr. The Tecumseh study of respiratory illness. IX. Occurrence of influenza in the community. 1966–1971.<it>Am J Epidemiol</it> 102:553–563. 1975 The occurrence of types A and B influenza infections was determined by isolation and serology over six years among residents of Tecumseh, Michigan. By isolation, there was evidence of type A infection for a limited period during each year of the study; most rises in titer were detected during the periods of viral isolation, but some also occurred out of season. Outbreaks of type B infection were encountered three times during the six-yearperiod and out of season infections were less frequently seen than with type A. Infection rates with type A were relatively flat over the age range, with high rates seen in infants and small children; in contrast, highest infection rates with type B were observed inthe 5–14-year-olds. On examination of illness rates, it was found that some of theoutbreaks would have gone undetected if surveillance techniques for infection had not been in operation. Frequency of respiratory illness with activity restriction was taken as aguide to influenza virus activity during outbreaks; it was found that highest rates of such illnesses occurred among the 1–4-year-olds for type A outbreaks, and among the 5–9-year-olds during mixed or type B outbreaks.
Oxford University Press
1975-12-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/102/6/553
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Copyright (C) 1975, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:102/6/5642015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:102:6
EVALUATION OF A MEASLES-SMALLPOX VACCINATION CAMPAIGN BY A SERO-EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHOD
BREMAN, JOEL G.
COFFI, EMMOU
K, RAPHAEL BOMBA-IRE
FOSTER, STANLEY O.
HERRMANN, KENNETH L.
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS
Breman, J. G. (Bureau of Smallpox Eradication, CDC, Atlanta. GA 30333), E. Coffi, R. Bomba-lre K, S. O. Foster and K. L. Herrmann. Evaluation of a measles-smallpox vaccination campaign by a sero-epidemiologic method. <it>Am J Epidemiol</it> 102:564–571, 1975. An assessment technique has been devised whereby children from 30 randomly chosen sampling sites are visited within three days of measles-smallpox vaccination and one month later. Vaccination coverage is measured at house visits and immunologic status is determined by collection of early and late blood samples on filter papers from substratified children in priority age-groups, and by looking at vaccination scars. The methodology was employed in a rural area of the Ivory Coast during the maintenance phase of a measles-smallpox vaccination program; 1762 children from 0–72 months old were inspected. Children in the target age groups, 6–24 months, had a vaccination coverage of 53.6% whereas children outside of the target group had a 10.5% coverage. Of 571 target age children, 94.6% had a measles hemagglutination-inhibition antibody titer of less than 1:10 dilution at the first visit, and were presumed susceptible to measles or vaccine. Of 247 substratified children 6–8 months, 98.3% were susceptible to measles before vaccination; 84.3% of 127 vaccinated children in this age-group sero-converted when re-tested. Of 324 children 9–24 months, 91.7% were susceptible before the campaign; 94.7% of 170 vaccinated children in this age-group converted. A positive history of prior measles or prior measles-vaccination was not a good indicator of measles serologic status. The smallpox vaccination major reaction rate was 93.2%; 91.4% of children with a recent vaccination scar sero-converted to measles vaccine. Thus, the smallpox scar read at the second visit proved the best clinical marker for determining both coverage and immunologic effectiveness of the campaign.
Oxford University Press
1975-12-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/102/6/564
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Copyright (C) 1975, Oxford University Press
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INDEX
INDEX
Oxford University Press
1975-12-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/102/6/572
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Copyright (C) 1975, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:102/6/5772015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:102:6
AUTHOR INDEX
INDEX
Oxford University Press
1975-12-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/102/6/577
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Copyright (C) 1975, Oxford University Press