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oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:106/4/2572015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:106:4
SMOKING AND CANCER OF THE UTERINE CERVIX: HYPOTHESIS
WINKELSTEIN, WARREN
REVIEWS AND COMMENTARY
Oxford University Press
1977-10-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/106/4/257
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Copyright (C) 1977, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:106/4/2602015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:106:4
SIMPLE ESTIMATION OF POPULATION ATTRIBUTABLE RISK FROM CASE-CONTROL STUDIES
TAYLOR, JOHN W.
REVIEWS AND COMMENTARY
Oxford University Press
1977-10-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/106/4/260
en
Copyright (C) 1977, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:106/4/2612015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:106:4
A NATIONWIDE SURVEY OF HEAVY METAL ABSORPTION IN CHILDREN LIVING NEAR PRIMARY COPPER, LEAD, AND ZINC SMELTERS
BAKER, EDWARD L
HAYES, CARL G
LANDRIGAN, PHILIP J.
HANDKE, JAN L.
LEGER, RONALD T.
HOUSWORTH, W. JERE
HARRINGTON, J. MALCOLM
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS
Baker, E.L., Jr. (CDC, Atlanta, GA 30333), C.G. Hayes, P.J. Landrigan, J.L. Handke, R.T. Leger, W.J. Hous, worth and J.M. Harrington. A nationwide survey of heavy metal absorption in children living near primary copper, lead, and zinc smelters. <it>Am J Epidemiol</it> 106: 261–273, 1977. Arsenic, lead, and cadmium absorption levels were determined in 1774 children 1–5 years old living in 19 USA towns with primary nonferrous metal smelters. Results were compared with data on 258 children of the same age in three communities without smelters. Increased systemic absorption of arsenic, as reflected by urine arsenic content, was noted in children near 10 of 11 copper smelters. Blood lead levels were also modestly elevated near two copper smelters. Near lead and zinc smelters, elevated levels of lead and cadmium in hair provided evidence of external exposure to these elements. Levels of lead in blood were not, however, elevated near any of three lead smelters and were elevated near only two of five zinc smelters. Blood cadmium levels were high near one lead and two zinc smelters. The apparent sources of exposure (except in one community with elevated levels of arsenic in drinking water) were air, soil, and dust contaminated by smelting operations. While the full biologic significance of these findings is not known, exposure of children to toxic heavy metals emitted by smelters should be reduced to a minimum.
Oxford University Press
1977-10-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/106/4/261
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Copyright (C) 1977, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:106/4/2742015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:106:4
LUNG FUNCTION, RESPIRATORY DISEASE, AND SMOKING IN FAMILIES1
SCHILLING, R.S F.
LETAI, A.D.
HUI, S.L.
BECK, G J.
SCHOENBERG, J.B.
BOUHUYS, A.
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS
Schilling, R. S. F., A. D. Letai, S. L. Hui, G. J. Beck, J. B. Schoenberg and A. Bouhuys (Yale U. Lung Research Center, New Haven, CT 06510). Lung function, respiratory disease, and smoking in families. <it>Am J Epidemiol</it> 106: 274–283,1977. Respiratory symptoms, disease and lung function were studied in 376 families with 816 children who participated in a survey in three USA towns. Parental smoking had no effect on children's symptoms and lung function. Also, there was no evidence that passive smoking affected either lung function or symptoms of adults. There was no association between prevalence of self-reported cough and/or phlegm in parents and their children. There was a highly significant association between the prevalence of wheeze in parents and their younger children, for whom parents reported this symptom. Wheeze in children was also significantly associated with a parental history of asthma, and lung function was lower in children with a family history of asthma. Even after accounting for height, weight, age, sex and race, children's lung function correlated significantly with parents' lung function. However, the contribution of familial factors (i.e., parents' lung function, smoking, and history of asthma) to children's lung function is small compared to the effects of height, weight and age.
Oxford University Press
1977-10-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/106/4/274
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Copyright (C) 1977, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:106/4/2842015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:106:4
THE NHLBI TWIN STUDY OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE RISK FACTORS: METHODOLOGY AND SUMMARY OF RESULTS
FEINLEIB, M.
GARRISON, R. J.
FABSITZ, R.
CHRISTIAN, J. C.
HRUBEC, Z.
BORHANI, N. O.
KANNEL, W. B
ROSENMAN, R
SCHWARTZ, J. T.
WAGNER, J. O.
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS
Feinleib, M. (National Heart, Lung, and Blood institute, NIH, Federal Bldg., Room 2C08, Bethesda, MD 20014), R. J. Garrison, R. Fabsitz, J. C. Christian, Z. Hrubec, N. O. Borhani, W. B. Kannel, R. Rosenman, J. T. Schwartz and J. O. Wagner. The NHLBI twin study of cardiovascular disease risk factors: methodology and summary of results. <it>Am J Epidemiol</it> 106:284–295, 1977. Coronary heart disease (CHD) risk factors were studied in 250 monozygotic (MZ) and 264 dizygotic (DZ) male veteran twin pairs, aged 42–56. All coronary heart disease risk factors studied showed significant correlations in both MZ and DZ twins. Substantial genetic variation was detected for height, blood pressure, glucose intolerance, uric acid, plasma triglyceride, and relative weight but little or no significant genetic variability in low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL), total plasma cholesterol or hematocrit was demonstrable. These findings suggest that familial aggregation results from genetic influence on blood pressure, glucose intolerance, uric acid, triglyceride and, possibly, obesity, while largely shared environmental factors contribute to familial similarities in HDL, LDL, total cholesterol and hematocrit.
Oxford University Press
1977-10-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/106/4/284
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Copyright (C) 1977, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:106/4/2962015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:106:4
"PAP" TESTING AND HYSTERECTOMY PREVALENCE: A SURVEY OF COMMUNITIES WITH HIGH AND LOW CERVICAL CANCER RATES
STERN, ELIZABETH
MISCZYNSKI, MARILYN
GREENLAND, SANDER
DAMUS, KARLA
COULSON, ANNE
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS
Stern, E. (U. of California School of Public Health, Los Angeles, CA 90024), M. MIsczynskI, S. Greenland, K. Damus and A. Coulson. “Pap” testing and hysterectomy prevalence: A survey of communities with high and low cervical cancer rates. Am J Epidemiol 106: 296–305, 1977. There is an inverse relation between cervical cancer rates and income in Los Angeles County communities, and there is a positive association between level of Papanicolaou (Pap) testing and income. Ethnic differences in cervical cancer rates and Pap testing are dependent on income. The relatively high rate of cervical cancer and low level of systematic screening in low income communities suggest that a community trial to assess the value of cytologic screening in reducing cervical cancer rates is feasible. Information on hysterectomy prevalence by type of procedure supports the idea that the long-observed decline in cervical cancer rates is in part attributable to a concomitant decrease in the ratio of subtotal to total hysterectomy.
Oxford University Press
1977-10-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/106/4/296
en
Copyright (C) 1977, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:106/4/3062015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:106:4
AGE-SPECIFIC CORRELATION ANALYSIS OF LONGITUDINAL BLOOD PRESSURE DATA
ROSNER, BERNARD
HENNEKENS, CHARLES H.
KASS, EDWARD H.
MIALL, WILLIAM E.
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS
Rosner, B. (Channing Laboratory, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115), C. H. Hennekens, E. H. Kass and W. E. Miall. Age-specific correlation analysis of longitudinal blood pressure data. <it>Am J Epidemiol</it> 106: 306–313, 1977. To evaluate the predictive value of blood pressures for future levels, longitudinal measurements were analyzed among Welsh subjects from age 5 to 74 at entry. The measurements were taken on 863 Individuals from the Vale of Glamorgan in 1956, 1960, 1964, and 1971 and on 734 individuals from the Rhondda Fach in 1954, 1958, 1964, and 1971. The tracking correlation, defined as the correlation between blood pressure readings on the same person taken at two different times, Is used as a descriptive measure of the magnitude of the association. The tracking correlations range from 0.25 to 0.6–0.7 with most of the increases occurring before age 20. The tracking correlation depends on initial age, sex, and time interval between measurements. The age-specific tracking correlations decrease as time interval between measurements increases. For a given time interval, the age-specific correlations are slightly higher for females than for males. These findings are very similar for each of the two regions studied.
Oxford University Press
1977-10-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/106/4/306
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Copyright (C) 1977, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:106/4/3142015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:106:4
AN EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDY OF HOMICIDES IN ALLEGHENY COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA
COSTANTINO, JOSEPH P.
KULLER, LEWIS H.
PERPER, JOSHUA A.
CYPESS, RAYMOND H.
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS
Costantino, J. P. (Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261), L. H. Kuller, J. A. Perper and R. H. Cypess. An epidemiotoglc study of homicides in Allegheny County, Pennsylvania. <it>Am J Epidemiol</it> 106:314–324, 1977. Extensive demographic data concerning homicide victims and perpetrators in Allegheny County, 1966–1974, were obtained retrospectively from the records of the County Coroner's Office and Police Department. Analysis revealed that the demographic characteristics describing perpetrators and victims were essentially identical. Rates of homicide peaked in the young adult years of life. The race ratio (B/W) among victims was 18.7 for males and 6.7 for females, while sex ratio (M/F) was 5.4 for blacks and 1.9 for whites. An inverse relationship between the rate of homicide and socioeconomic status was present among both black and white races. The majority of victims were killed by a spouse, relative, or friend (66%), usually in familiar locations, i.e., residence or place of work (60%), and usually during an altercation (68%). Shooting was the method used to perpetrate 61 % of the killings, most of which were by means of a handgun. An increasing trend of homicide was noted, particularly for the type perpetrated by shooting.
Oxford University Press
1977-10-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/106/4/314
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Copyright (C) 1977, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:106/4/3252015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:106:4
THE OVERUSE OF SINGLE PATIENT ISOLATION IN HOSPITALS
HYAMS, PHINEAS J.
EHRENKRANZ, N. JOEL
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS
Hyams, P. J., and N. J. Ehrenkranz (Cedars of Lebanon Health Care Center, P.O. Box 520793, Miami, FL 33152). The overuse of single patient isolation in hospitals. <it>Am J Epidemiol</it> 106:325–329, 1977. Single patient isolation of adults to prevent spread of infection was studied in five high occupancy community hospitals. The acceptable standard was a guideline for isolation in hospitals, published by the Center for Disease Control (CDC). Overusage of single patient isolation was found to vary between 4% and 96% of physician's isolation orders. Diagnoses of viral hepatitis, surgical wound infections, skin infections and respiratory infections accounted for the majority of overisolated patients. When infection control personnel rather than attending physicians determined the type and duration of isolation, a decrease in overisolation and a saving of patient (or third party payer) charges could be demonstrated. Reduction in overisolation does not bring about savings for hospitals unless bed occupancy is high and few single rooms are available. No evidence of cross-infection was observed in one hospital as a result of implementation of the CDC guidelines.
Oxford University Press
1977-10-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/106/4/325
en
Copyright (C) 1977, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:106/4/3302015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:106:4
HEPATITIS B IN WARD AND CLINICAL LABORATORY EMPLOYEES OF A GENERAL HOSPITAL
LEVY, BARRY S.
HARRIS, JOHN C.
SMITH, JOSEPH L
WASHBURN, JOHN W.
MATURE, JEANETTE
DAVIS, ANNETTE
CROSSON, JOHN T.
POLESKY, HERBERT
HANSON, MARGARET
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS
Levy, B. S. (128 Hollis St., Sherborn, MA 01770), J. C. Harris, J. L. Smith, J. W. Washburn, J. Mature, A. Davis, J. T. Crosson, H. Polesky and M. Hanson. Hepatitis B in ward and clinical laboratory employees of a general hospital. <it>Am J Epidemiol</it> 106:330–335, 1977. After a sharp increase in viral hepatitis cases, mostly type B, among the 2000 employees of a general hospital during three years, we conducted an investigation which consisted of obtaining data on employee cases and surveying many current employees. Of the 38 cases, 22 occurred in nonphysician, ward employees. Of 189 current ward employees, 8% had antibody to hepatitis B surface antigen (anti-HB<inf>3</inf>) and 1% had hepatitis B surface antigen (HB<inf>3</inf>Ag). Hepatitis B virus (HBV) seropositivity was highest for employees who worked closely with hemodialysis and renal transplant patients and for those who claimed that their ward was understaffed. Nine of the 38 cases occurred in clinical lab workers. Of 70 current lab employees, 17% were positive for anti-HB<inf>3</inf> and none for HB<inf>3</inf>Ag. HBV seropositivity was highest for those working in the chemistry section (highest there among those performing blood-gas determinations and those working with the multi-channel autoanalyzers) and those who routinely got blood on their skin and clothes at work. All seropositive employees worked routinely with blood. These data support the hypotheses that many hospital employees contract hepatitis B from exposure to HB<inf>3</inf>Ag-positive patients and many clinical laboratory employees contract it from exposure to HBV-contaminated blood.
Oxford University Press
1977-10-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/106/4/330
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Copyright (C) 1977, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:106/4/3362015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:106:4
ANTIBODIES TO EPSTEIN-BARR VIRUS CAPSID ANTIGEN AND EARLY ANTIGEN IN NASOPHARYNGEAL CARCINOMA AND COMPARISON GROUPS
LIN, TONG MING
YANG, CZAU SIUNG
CHIOU, JWO FARN
TU, SHIH MIEN
CHEN, TING YAO
TU, YENG CZANG
LIN, PEN JEN
KAWAMURA, AKIYOSHI
HIRAYAMA, TAKESHI
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS
Lin, T.M. (Dept. of Public Health, National Taiwan U. College of Medicine, Taiwan, Republic of China), C.S. Yang, J.F. Chiou, S.M. Tu, T.Y. Chen, Y.C. Tu, P.J. LJn, A. Kawamura, Jr., and T. Hirayama. Antibodies to Epsteln-Barr virus capsid antigen and early antigen in nasopharyngeal carcinoma and comparison groups. <it>Am J Epidemiol</it> 106:336–339, 1977. Antibodies to Epstein-Barr virus capsid antigen (anti-VCA) and early antigen (anti-EA) were measured in 263 patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), 624 age- and sex-matched neighborhood controls, 570 family members of NPC patients and 830 family members of neighborhood controls in Taiwan. The distribution of antibody titers was significantly different between NPC patients and the other three groups. More than 55% and 45% of NPC patients had titers of ≥1:640 and ≥1:80 for anti-VCA and anti-EA, respectively, while less than 6.7% and 2.5% of the other three groups had such high titers. The geometric means of anti-VCA and anti-EA titers were 1:352 and 1:45, respectively, in NPC patients compared to less than 1:77 and 1: 12, respectively, In the comparison groups. Anti-VCA and anti-EA titers were significantly correlated. The association of EBV with NPC is discussed.
Oxford University Press
1977-10-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/106/4/336
en
Copyright (C) 1977, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:106/4/3402015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:106:4
RE: "THE RISK OF MENINGITIS AMONG CLASSROOM CONTACTS DURING AN EPIDEMIC OF MENINGOCOCCAL DISEASE"
Sheehe, Paul R.
Feldman, Harry A.
LETTERS TO THE EDITOR
Oxford University Press
1977-10-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/106/4/340
en
Copyright (C) 1977, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:106/4/3412015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:106:4
THE AUTHORS REPLY
Jacobson, Jay A.
LETTERS TO THE EDITOR
Oxford University Press
1977-10-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/106/4/341
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Copyright (C) 1977, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:106/4/342-a2015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:106:4
ON CERTIFICATION OF EPIDEMIOLOGISTS
Lilienfeld, David E.
Lilienfeld, Abraham M.
LETTERS TO THE EDITOR
Oxford University Press
1977-10-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/106/4/342-a
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Copyright (C) 1977, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:106/4/3422015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:106:4
RE: "A POTENTIAL PITFALL IN STUDYING TRAIT-DISCORDANT TWINS"
Buck, Carol
LETTERS TO THE EDITOR
Oxford University Press
1977-10-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/106/4/342
en
Copyright (C) 1977, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:106/4/342a1977-10-01HighWireOUPamjepid:106:4
Re: "A potential pitfall in studying trait-discordant twins"
Buck, C
LETTERS TO THE EDITOR
Oxford University Press
1977-10-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/106/4/342a
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Copyright (C) 1977, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:106/4/342b1977-10-01HighWireOUPamjepid:106:4
On certification of epidemiologists
Lilienfeld, DE
Lilienfeld, AM
LETTERS TO THE EDITOR
Oxford University Press
1977-10-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/106/4/342b
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Copyright (C) 1977, Oxford University Press