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INCIDENCE AND PREVALENCE AS USED IN THE ANALYSIS OF THE OCCURRENCE OF NOSOCOMIAL INFECTIONS
RHAME, FRANK S.
SUDDERTH, WILLIAM D.
REVIEWS AND COMMENTARY
Oxford University Press
1981-01-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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Copyright (C) 1981, Oxford University Press
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THE AUTHORS REPLY
Stellman, Steven D.
Austin, Harland
Wynder, Ernst L.
LETTERS TO THE EDITOR
Oxford University Press
1981-01-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/113/1/101
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Copyright (C) 1981, Oxford University Press
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RE: COFFEE AND MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION
Jick, Hershel
LETTERS TO THE EDITOR
Oxford University Press
1981-01-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/113/1/103
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Copyright (C) 1981, Oxford University Press
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PNEUMONIA: AN ELEVEN-YEAR STUDY IN A PEDIATRIC PRACTICE
MURPHY, THOMAS F.
HENDERSON, FREDERICK W.
CLYDE, WALLACE A.
COLLIER, ALBERT M.
DENNY, FLOYD W.
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS
Murphy, T. F., F. W. Henderson (U. of North Carolina, School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27514), W. A. Clyde, Jr., A.M. Collier, and F. W. Denny. Pneumonia: an eleven-year study in a pediatric practice. <it>Am J Epidemiol</it> 1981;113:12-21 Data from an 11-year study of acute lower respiratory tract illness were analyzed to provide added insight into the causes and patterns of occurrence of pneumonia in an outpatient pediatric population. Over 80% of all episodes of pneumonia occurred in children less than seven years of age; the peak attack rate was observed in 2–4-year-old children. A virus or <it>Mycoplasma pneumoniae</it> was isolated from 24% of children with pneumonia; 57% of all episodes occurred during outbreaks for which a viral or mycoplasmal cause could usually be identified. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), parainfluenza viruses types 1 and 3, adenoviruses, influenza A viruses and M. pneumonlae accounted for 86% of all isolates. Attack rates of pneumonia in preschool children were highest during periods of RSV and Influenza A virus prevalence; M. pneumonlae was the most frequent isolate from school aged children. The data contained in this report augment the understanding of the causes of pneumonia in children and provide a data base for scientists interested in the prevention of lower respiratory tract illness in children.
Oxford University Press
1981-01-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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Copyright (C) 1981, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:113/1/222015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:113:1
EPSTEIN-BARR VIRUS INFECTIONS IN A NURSERY
CHANG, R. SHIHMAN
ROSEN, LEON
KAPIKIAN, ALBERT Z.
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS
Chang, R. S. (Dept. of Medical Microbiology, U. of California, School of Medicine, Davis, CA 95616), L. Rosen and A. Z. Kapikian. Epstein-Barr virus Infections In a nursery. <it>Am J Epidemiol</it> 1981;113:22–9. Tests for Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) capsid antibody were carried out on 115 children, aged 4–32 months, on admission to and discharge from the Junior Village nursery, Washington, D.C. Forty-three children positive on admission remained positive at discharge, 44/72 negative on admission remained negative at discharge, and 28/72 negative on admission converted to positive at discharge. Age, sex and season did not appear to influence the rate of EBV seroconversion among the nursery children. The only identifiable factor that significantly Increased the rate of EBV seroconversion was the duration of nursery residency. The rates were 1/9 (11%), 1/29 (3%), and 11/16 (69%) among children residing for 1.5–2.4, 2.5–4.4 and 4.5–7.4 months, respectively. Children residing in the nursery for 1.5–4.4 months and children residing at home had similar EBV-seroconversion rates. For children residing in the nursery for 4.5–7.4 months, however, the observed EBV-seroconversion rate was much higher than the rate estimated for children living at home.
Oxford University Press
1981-01-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/113/1/22
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Copyright (C) 1981, Oxford University Press
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A STUDY OF EXCESS MORTALITY DURING INFLUENZA EPIDEMICS IN THE UNITED STATES, 1968-1976
ALLING, DAVID W.
BLACKWELDER, WILLIAM C.
STUART-HARRIS, CHARLES H.
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS
Ailing, D. W. (National Institute off Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20205), W. C. Blackwelder and C. H. Stuart-Harris. A study of excess mortality during influenza epidemics in the United States, 1968–1976. <it>Am J Epidemiol</it> 1981; 113: 30–43. The effect of epidemics of influenza A on mortality in the United States was assessed by studying the monthly numbers of deaths during the years 1968–1976. Deaths from all causes at all ages and among persons aged 65 and over, and also deaths from acute respiratory diseases, and from cardiovascular causes were studied. Deaths from acute respiratory diseases were closely correlated with those from influenza and were taken to be an indication of the severity of Influenza outbreaks. This indicator combined with a regression function expressing seasonal variation and secular trend was used to predict total mortality, cardiovascular mortality, and deaths among persons aged 65 and over. In each case the predictions proved to be reasonably close to the observed numbers of deaths. Excess mortality from all causes above that expected from seasonal variation occurred principally in three periods during the eight years of study: 1968–1969, 1972–1973, and 1975–1976, each of which coincided with an epidemic of influenza A of the H3N2 subtype. Similar excesses were seen among persons aged 65 and over and in cardiovascular deaths during the two earlier periods. It is concluded that excess mortality occurred during at least three of the major outbreaks of influenza during the period 1968–1976. This points to the need of studying the effectiveness of Immunization in preventing the disease.
Oxford University Press
1981-01-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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EPIDEMIC KERATOCONJUNCTIVITIS CAUSED BY ADENOVIRUS TYPE 8: EPIDEMIOLOGIC AND LABORATORY ASPECTS OF A LARGE OUTBREAK
D'ANGELO, LAWRENCE J.
HEERHOLZER, JOHN C.
HOLMAN, ROBERT C.
SMITH, J. DAVID
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS
D'Angelo, L. J. (Bureau of Epidemiology, CDC, Atlanta, GA 30333), J. C. Hierholzer, R. C. Holman, and J. D. Smith. Epidemic keratoconjunctivitis caused by adenovlrus type 8: epldemlologic and laboratory aspects of a large outbreak. <it>Am J Epidemiol</it> 1981; 113: 44–9. During late 1977 and early 1978, 192 cases of epidemic keratoconjunctlvttls occurred In a community in central Georgia. In 86 of these cases, the patient had been exposed to a single ophthalmologist's office (physician A) 3–22 days before onset of illness. Patients considered as cases were more likely to have had invasive ophthalmologic procedures than non-cases (<it>p</it> < 0.001), and a linear relationship existed between the number of procedures performed and the attack rate (<it>r</it> = 0.91, <it>p</it> < 0.05). Adenovirus type 8 (AV8) was Identified as the responsible pathogen by culture and/or antibody determination for 20 of these patients. Group-specific AV hexon antigen and type-specific dodecon antigen were Identified in four of seven ophthalmic solutions obtained from physician A's office. The outbreak stopped after proper control techniques were Initiated.
Oxford University Press
1981-01-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/113/1/44
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Copyright (C) 1981, Oxford University Press
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INTRAFAMILIAL CLUSTER OF HEPATITIS B VIRUS INFECTION: STUDY OF A LARGE FAMILY IN THE UNITED STATES
SAMPLINER, R. E.
LOEVINGER, B. L.
TABOR, E.
GERETY, R. J.
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS
Sampliner, R. E. (VA Medical Center, Baltimore, MD 21218), B. L. Loevinger, E. Tabor and R. J. Gerety. intrafamllial cluster of hepatitis B virus infection: study of a large family in the United States. <it>Am J Epidemiol</it> 1981;113:50–54. Seventy-eight persons in an Italian-American family were tested for hepatitis B serologic markers. Fifty-one (65%) had serologic evidence of active or prior hepatitis B infection. Twenty-eight (36%) had evidence of active infection, including twenty-six with hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), and two with antibody to the hepatitis B core antigen only. Severe chronic liver disease was documented in four family members, three of whom had serologic evidence of active hepatitis B infection and the fourth died before the availability of hepatitis B testing. Thirteen of 18 (72%) offspring of six HBsAg positive mothers were HBsAg positive. No epldemlologic explanation of the high prevalence of hepatitis B infection in this family was found, although mother-to-child transmission in years past is a possible explanation.
Oxford University Press
1981-01-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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METHODS FOR DETERMINING THE FREQUENCY OF SEXUAL INTERCOURSE AND ACTIVITIES OF DAILY LIVING IN YOUNG WOMEN
KUNIN, CALVIN M.
AMES, RUTH E.
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS
Kunln, C. M. (Dept. of Medicine, Ohio State U. College of Medicine, Columbus, OH 43210) and R. E. Ames. Methods for determining the frequency of sexual Intercourse and activities of dally living in young women. <it>Am J Epidemiol</it> 1981; 113: 55–61. To determine whether the frequency of sexual intercourse and other activities of dally living could be reliably measured in a population of women with or without prior urinary tract infections, a prospective, pilot, case-control study was undertaken in a family practice clinic. Intensive self-recording of daily activities for one week was consistent with data collected for five more weeks spaced one month apart. Frequency of sexual activity was significantly higher on weekends. Control and bacteriuric subjects reported episodes of sexual intercourse about twice as frequently during the week of intensive recording than during the rest of the month when recording was only once a day. Although individual variation between weeks was minimal, considerable variation was observed among subjects. Voiding patterns were similar in both groups except for significantly higher rates prior to intercourse for controls. It is estimated that a sample size of at least 67–79 pairs will be required to ascertain whether there is a significant difference in frequency of sexual intercourse between cases and controls.
Oxford University Press
1981-01-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/113/1/55
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RACIAL VARIATIONS IN VISION
TAYLOR, HUGH R.
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS
Taylor, H. R. (International Center for Epidemiologic and Preventive Ophthalmology, The Wilmer Institute, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD 21205). Racial variations in vision. <it>Am J Epidemiol</it> 1981; 113: 62–80. This study determined the distributions of uncorrected visual acuity and of refractive error in representative groups of Australian Aborigines and Australians of European origin aged 20–30 years. The methodology used in this study and its verification are described in detail. As a group, the Aborigines have significantly better visual acuity than the Europeans. This was true for both monocular and binocular vision. Some Aborigines have acuities below the previous postulated threshold levels. Aborigines as a group also have less myopia—In particular, less high myopia—and less astigmatism than Europeans. The mean refraction for Aborigines is about half a diopter more hypermetropic than that for Europeans, although there is not an excess of high hypermetropia in Aborigines. The lack of high refractive errors suggests that the Aborigines may not possess the genes that cause abnormal axial lengths usually associated with high refractive errors in Europeans. The superior vision of the Aborigines persisted, however, when comparing groups which were essentially emmetropic. Therefore, It appears to be a true racial difference which is not explicable on the grounds of variation in refractive error but may result from finer retinal organization or better cerebral Integration of visual stimuli.
Oxford University Press
1981-01-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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Copyright (C) 1981, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:113/1/812015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:113:1
AN EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDY OF PRETERM DELIVERY
BERKOWTTZ, GERTRUD SVALA
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS
Berkowltz, G. S. (Dept of Epidemiology and Public Health, Yale U. School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510). An epidemiologic study of preterm delivery. <it>Am J Epidemiol</it> 1981; 113: 81–92. A case-control study of the epidemiology of preterm delivery was undertaken at Yale-New Haven Hospital in Connecticut during 1977. The study population consisted of 175 mothers of singleton preterm infants and 313 mothers of singleton term infants. Significant risk factors of a preterm delivery included low socloeconomic status; low pregravid weight; inadequate weight gain during the pregnancy; a previous preterm delivery; a history of infertility problems; an induced abortion terminating the previous pregnancy; vaginal spotting or light bleeding during the pregnancy; antepartum hemorrhage and abnormal placental implantation; lack of leisure-time physical activities during the pregnancy; alcohol consumption prior to the third trimester of pregnancy; and negative attltudinal expression toward the pregnancy.
Oxford University Press
1981-01-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/113/1/81
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Copyright (C) 1981, Oxford University Press
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ELIMINATION OF "LEAD TIME" BIAS IN ASSESSING THE EFFECT OF EARLY BREAST CANCER DIAGNOSIS
JACQUES, PAUL F.
HARTZ, STUART C.
TUTHILL, ROBERT W.
HOLUNGSWORTH, CHARLES
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS
Jacques, P. F. (Division of Public Health, U. of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003), S. C. Hartz, R. Tuthill and C. Hollingsworth. Elimination of “lead time” bias In assessing the effect of early breast cancer diagnosis. <it>Am J Epidemiol</it> 1981;113:93–97. The relationship between diagnosis of breast cancer in the localized stage of disease and improved prognosis for 234 female breast cancer patients aged 55 years and older was examined. Cause of death was used as an indicator of prognosis because, unlike measures of survival, It is unaffected by “lead time” bias. A three- to fourfold Increase in the risk of death from breast cancer was observed among women diagnosed In the advanced stages of breast cancer relative to those diagnosed In the localized stage. The results indicate that diagnosis in the localized stage of breast cancer was associated with an improved prognosis, and that “lead time” bias cannot explain the observed association between stage at diagnosis and prognosis for female breast cancer patients aged 55 years and older.
Oxford University Press
1981-01-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/113/1/93
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Copyright (C) 1981, Oxford University Press
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RE: THE PROPOSED AMERICAN COLLEGE OF EPIDEMIOLOGY
Vogt, Thomas M.
LETTERS TO THE EDITOR
Oxford University Press
1981-01-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/113/1/98-a
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Copyright (C) 1981, Oxford University Press
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RE: EPIDEMIOLOGY, PUBLIC POLICY AND THE AMERICAN COLLEGE OF EPIDEMIOLOGY
Morton, Richard F.
LETTERS TO THE EDITOR
Oxford University Press
1981-01-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/113/1/98
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CONFOUNDED CONFOUNDING
Winkelstein, Warren
Levin, Lynn I.
LETTERS TO THE EDITOR
Oxford University Press
1981-01-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/113/1/99
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Copyright (C) 1981, Oxford University Press