2024-03-29T06:39:47Zhttp://open-archive.highwire.org/handler
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:113/6/6152015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:113:6
INCIDENCE OF ACUTE TRAUMATIC HOSPITALIZED SPINAL CORD INJURY IN THE UNITED STATES, 1970-1977
BRACKEN, MICHAEL B.
FREEMAN, DANIEL H.
HELLENBRAND, KAREN
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS
Bracken, M. B. (Dept. of Epidemiology and Public Health, Yale U. School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510), D. H. Freeman, Jr. and K. Hellenbrand. Incidence of acute traumatic hospitalized spinal cord injury in the United States, 1970–1977. <it>Am J Epidemiol</it> 1981;113:615–22. The incidence of hospitalization for acute spinal cord injury in the United States from 1970 to 1977 has been calculated using a detailed subsetting of the National Hospital Discharge Survey (HDS). The overall eight-year incidence was 40.1 (SE = 3.8) per million population In the United States. Patients admitted for spinal cord injury were more than twice as likely to be male (male to female ratio = 2.4: 1 and spinal cord injury was particularly common in males ages 20–24 (118.3/106) and 25–34 (98.7/106). Blacks also appeared to be at twice the risk than whites. Case fatality during hospitalization was 11.2% overall, was 36% more common in males and increased markedly with advanced age with 35.9% of males ≦65 years old dying during hospitalization. The HDS data are in general agreement with previous regional studies of incidence and appear to provide a reasonably valid and cost-effective method for monitoring the national incidence of hospitalized spinal cord injury.
Oxford University Press
1981-06-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
text/html
http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/113/6/615
en
Copyright (C) 1981, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:113/6/6232015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:113:6
SEASONAL RELATIONSHIP OF SUDDEN INFANT DEATH SYNDROME AND ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANTS
HOPPENBROUWERS, TOKE
CALUB, MARY
ARAKAWA, KAZUKO
HODGMAN, JOAN E.
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS
Hoppenbrouwers, T. (Newborn Div., Los Angeles County/U. of Southern California Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90033), M. Calub, K. Arakawa and J. E. Hodgman. Seasonal relationship of sudden Infant death syndrome and environmental pollutants. Am J Epidemiol 1981; 113: 623–35. Evidence that chronic hypoxia precedes death from sudden Infant death syndrome (SIDS) is mounting. Prolonged exposure to moderate levels of pollutants could be a contributing factor to hypoxia. Levels of carbon monoxide (CO), sulphur dioxide (SOJ, nitrogen dioxide (NOJ and hydrocarbons (HC) are highest In the winter when incidence of SIDS is increased. SIDS cases in Los Angeles County were correlated with daily mean levels of these pollutants, temperature, barometric pressure and monthly lead levels with the aid of time series analyses. Peaks In CO, SO<inf>2</inf>, NO<inf>2</inf>, HC and lead preceded the seasonal increase in SIDS by seven weeks. Theoretical considerations, such as the hypoxia-inducing effects of CO, support the hypothesis that this temporal relation has functional significance. Three additional findings provided evidence for this hypothesis: 1) SIDS infants born during months of low pollution lived longer than those born during months of high pollution. 2) SIDS infants born in a district with low pollution lived longer than those born In a district with high pollution. 3) The bimonthly rate of SIDS was directly proportional to the level of CO pollution to which the infants had been exposed between conception and two months of age. The role of pollution levels as a predisposing factor in risk for SIDS cannot be summarily dismissed.
Oxford University Press
1981-06-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
text/html
http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/113/6/623
en
Copyright (C) 1981, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:113/6/6362015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:113:6
THE DESIGN AND INTERPRETATION OF CASE-CONTROL STUDIES OF: PERINATAL MORTALITY
CLARKE, MICHAEL
CLAYTON, DAVID
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS
Clarke, M. (Dept. of Community Health, U. of Leicester School of Medicine, P.O. Box 65, Leicester, LE2 7LX, England) and D. Clayton. The design and interpretation of case-control studies of perinatal mortality. <it>Am J Epidemiol</it> 1981; 113: 636-45. The difficulty of designing prospective studies of perinatal death makes the case-control study a method of choice. The particular problems associated with the identification of risk factors, the definition and enumeration of cases, and the selection of live birth controls in such a study, undertaken on all perinatal deaths occurring in a population of 850, 000 people during 1976–1978 are described. The method of control selection, chosen for reasons of feasibility, produced a nonrepresentatlve sample of controls. This was because controls were selected as the next live birth in the place of delivery where the perinatal death delivery occurred, which resulted In a sample stratified by place of delivery. Knowledge of the place of delivery of all births allowed a correction to be undertaken which was derived from the relative weights for the strata within which matching had occurred.
Oxford University Press
1981-06-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
text/html
http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/113/6/636
en
Copyright (C) 1981, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:113/6/6462015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:113:6
CASE-CONTROL STUDIES ON THE ACUTE EFFECTS OF COFFEE UPON THE RISK OF MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION: PROBLEMS IN THE SELECTION OF A HOSPITAL CONTROL SERIES
ROSENBERG, LYNN
SLONE, DENNIS
SHAPIRO, SAMUEL
KAUFMAN, DAVID W.
MIETTINEN, OLLI S.
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS
Rosenberg, L (Drug Epidemiology Unit, Boston U. School of Medicine, Cambridge MA 02138). D. Slone, S. Shapiro, D. W. Kaufman and O. S. Miettlnen. Case-control studies on the acute effects of coffee upon the risk of myocardial infarction: problems in the selection of a hospital control series. <it>Am J Epidemiol</it> 1961; 113: 646–52. In the course of evaluating the acute effect of caffeine-containing coffee on the risk of myocardial infarction (Ml) among women 30–49 years of age, this study noted appreciable differences in coffee consumption among hospital patients admitted for illnesses not known to be related to coffee use. Among these potential controls, the coffee consumption of patients who had been compelled to hospital by conditions having an acute onset, such as fractures (“acute condition controls”) was compared with that of patients admitted for chronic disorders (“chronic condition controls”). The proportion of drinkers of caffeine-containing coffee among 980 acute condition controls (65%) was significantly greater than that among 5835 chronic condition controls (58%) (p < 0.01); by contrast, the proportion of drinkers of decaffeinated coffee was significantly greater among chronic condition controls (22%) than among acute condition controls (18%) (p < 0.01). With regard to caffeine-containing coffee, other findings were that the frequency of drinking decreased with increasing contact with medical care in the year before admission; that patients who changed their consumption after discharge tended to give up coffee; and that the proportion of drinkers was greater among women in the community than among the hospital patients. These results suggest that relatively longstanding Illness influences against drinking caffeine-containing coffee among women 30–49 years of age. They also suggest that there is an opportunity for overestimatlon of the relative risk of Ml among coffee drinkers in hospital-based studies that use chronic condition controls.
Oxford University Press
1981-06-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
text/html
http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/113/6/646
en
Copyright (C) 1981, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:113/6/6532015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:113:6
RELATIONSHIP OF PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND LIFE HABITS TO TREADMILL EXERCISE CAPACITY
LEON, ARTHUR S.
JACOBS, DAVID R.
DEBACKER, GUY
TAYLOR, HENRY L.
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS
Leon, A. S. (School of Public Health, U. of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455), D. R. Jacobs, Jr., G. DeBacker and H. L. Taylor. Relationship of physical characteristics and life habits to treadmill exercise capacity. <it>Am J Epidemiol</it> 1981; 113: 653-60. Apparently healthy middle-aged men (<it>n</it> = 175) were recruited from a population sample and completed questionnaires about habitual physical activity, smoking, beverage consumption and sleep habits. Body mass Index (BMI), heart rate and blood pressure were measured at rest and during submaximal exercise; frequency of ventricular premature beats (VPB) on an ECG rhythm strip; hand grip strength; and serum cholesterol. These characteristics were correlated with duration of treadmill exercise by the Bruce protocol. Univariate analysis Indicated that treadmill performance was significantly and positively correlated with leisure-time physical activity and personal reports of sweating and/or dyspnea occurring regularly during such physical activity. Performance was negatively correlated with age, BMI, resting heart rate, cigarette smoking, and consumption of caffeine-containing beverages, but was Insignificantly related to job physical activity, hand grip strength, alcohol consumption, sleep habits, blood pressure, cigar smoking, serum cholesterol, and the frequency of VPB. A 0.75 multiple correlation coefficient was found between treadmill performance and 11 of the above variables and the <it>r</it> is increased to 0.81 by adding heart rate during submaximal exercise. It is concluded that substantial prediction of work capacity and physical fitness of population is achieved by questionnaires and easily obtained, noninvaslve physical measures.
Oxford University Press
1981-06-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
text/html
http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/113/6/653
en
Copyright (C) 1981, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:113/6/6612015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:113:6
COFFEE CONSUMPTION AND MORTALITY FROM ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE AND OTHER CAUSES: RESULTS FROM THE LUTHERAN BROTHERHOOD STUDY, 1966-1978
MURRAY, SAMUEL S.
BJELKE, ERIK
GIBSON, ROBERT W.
SCHUMAN, LEONARD M.
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS
Murray, S. S., E. Bjeike, R. W. Gibson and L. M. Schuman (School of Public Health, U. of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455). Coffee consumption and mortality from Ischemic heart disease and other causes: Results from the Lutheran Brotherhood study, 1966–1978. <it>Am J Epidemiol</it> 1981; 113: 661–7. In this cohort study, 16, 911 men who had completed a mailed dietary questionnaire were followed for 11 � years with 721 deaths reported from Ischemic heart disease (IHD) (excluding those reporting on the questionnaire a prior history of angina or other heart conditions). Although no association was found between coffee consumption and mortality from IHD, a negative association between coffee consumption and mortality from diseases other than IHD was found. This negative association, found exclusively in the first four years of follow-up, was observed in deaths from digestive diseases, other than malignancies, and paralysis agitans, which made the greatest contribution to this observed negative association. The negative association appeared to reflect a reduction in coffee consumption related to the disorders in question and not to a protective effect of coffee. It has been suggested that the positive association between coffee consumption and IHD reported in some case-control studies may reflect a decreased consumption among controls rather than an unusually high consumption among cases.
Oxford University Press
1981-06-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
text/html
http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/113/6/661
en
Copyright (C) 1981, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:113/6/6682015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:113:6
WINE AND TOBACCO: RISK FACTORS FOR GASTRIC CANCER IN FRANCE
HOEY, JOHN
MONTVERNAY, CORINE
LAMBERT, RENE
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS
Hoey, J., C. Montvernay and R. Lambert (Centre d;Eplddmiologie, Facult� de medecine Rockefeller, 69008 Lyon, France). Wine and tobacco: risk factors for gastric cancer in France. <it>Am J Epidemiol</it> 1981;113:668–74. Cross-sectional studies in France have shown strong regional correlations between death rates from alcohol related diseases and death rates from gastric cancer. The present study involved 40 cases of newly diagnosed adenocarcinoma of the stomach and 168 control subjects with one of four other gastrointestinal diagnoses selected from the same hospital service during the same time period, 1978–1980. On the basis of a standard nutritional Interview alcohol and particularly red wine were seen to be significant risk factors for this cancer (relative risks of 6.9 with 95% confidence limits (CL) of 3.3–14.3 for alcohol and 6.3 with CL 3.1–12.7 for wine). Smoking of one or more cigarettes per day was associated with a relative risk for gastric cancer of 4.8 with CL of 1.6–14.8. The presence of both risk factors was associated with a relative risk of 9.3 with 95% CL of 4.6–19.0. Possible confounding by age, smoking, and eating lettuce (a reported protective factor for gastric cancer in other studies) did not explain these results. The relative risks were consistently found and remained significant when each diagnostic group of control subjects was analyzed separately. These results suggest that alcohol, and particularly red wine, may be important risk factors for adenocarcinoma of the stomach in France. in addition, cigarette smoking, a risk factor in Itself, when coupled with alcohol appears markedly to increase the risk.
Oxford University Press
1981-06-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
text/html
http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/113/6/668
en
Copyright (C) 1981, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:113/6/6752015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:113:6
DIETARY FACTORS IN THE EPIDEMIOLOGY OF CANCER OF THE LARYNX
GRAHAM, SAXON
METTLIN, CURTIS
MARSHALL, JAMES
PRIORE, ROGER
RZEPKA, THOMAS
SHEDD, DONALD
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS
Graham, S. (Dept. of Social and Preventive Medicine, State U. of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14261), C. Mettlin, J. Marshall, R. Priore, T. Rzepka and D. Shedd. Dietary factors in the epidemiology of cancer of the larynx. <it>Am J Epidemiol</it> 1981; 113: 675–80. Interviews were carried out with 374 male patients at Roswell Park Memorial Institute with cancer of the larynx and 381 controls with diseases other than of the digestive or respiratory system and other than neoplasms. As have other investigators, the authors found a high risk associated with smoking as well as a risk associated with alcohol ingestion. In addition, the study found that males ingesting low amounts of vitamin A in their diet had approximately twice the risk of those ingesting large amounts. The same was true for vitamin C. All of these relationships were significant, and risk increased in dose-response fashion with decreases in ingestion of the above-mentioned dietary constituents. When the risks associated with vitamins A and C were examined controlling for smoking and drinking, the risk enhancement associated with low ingestion persisted. The findings on nutrients are consistent with results of studies on animals and tissue cultures. Nevertheless, the sparse epidemiologic replication, the difficulties with the methods, and the complexity of the field demand substantial further inquiry on these relationships.
Oxford University Press
1981-06-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
text/html
http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/113/6/675
en
Copyright (C) 1981, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:113/6/6812015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:113:6
WATER COMPOSITION IN THE ETIOLOGY OF ANENCEPHALUS
ELWOOD, J. MARK
COLDMAN, ANDREW J.
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS
Elwood, J. M. (Cancer Control Agency of British Columbia, #700–686 W. Broadway, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1G1, Canada) and A. J. Coldman. Water composition in the etiology of anencephalus. <it>Am J Epidemiol</it> 1981; 113: 681–90. This case-control study was based on 468 deaths from anencephalus and a random sample of 4129 livebirths occurring during 1969 to 1972 to mothers resident in 142 localities of over 10, 000 population in Canada. Anencephalus risk was associated with the previous pregnancy history of the mother, with legitimacy, year of birth and with the longitude of the mother's residence, but after adjusting for these there was no significant association seen with locality population size, mean Income, the proportion of women employed, latitude, or with the concentrations in drinking water of any of 14 elements: calcium, magnesium, copper, lithium, zinc, nickle, lead, selenium, mercury, chromium, silver, cobalt, cadmium and molybdenum.
Oxford University Press
1981-06-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
text/html
http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/113/6/681
en
Copyright (C) 1981, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:113/6/6912015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:113:6
PREVALENCE OF DEPRESSION IN LOS ANGELES COUNTY
FRERICHS, RALPH R.
ANESHENSEL, CAROL S.
CLARK, VIRGINIA A.
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS
Frerichs, R. R. (School of Public Health, U. of California, Los Angeles, CA 90024), C. S. Aneshensel and V. A. Clark. Prevalence of depression in Los Angeles County. <it>Am J Epidemiol</it> 1981;113:691–9. The occurrence of depression was determined during the summer of 1979 in a multi-ethnic probability sample of 1003 adults (66% participation) in Los Angeles County, as part of a community survey of the epidemiology of depression and help-seeking behavior. The primary measure of depression was the 20-ltem CES-D scale developed by the Center for Epidemiologic Studies. The overall prevalence of depression based on a CES-D cutpoint definition of 16 or greater was 19.1%. The prevalence of depression was greatest among Hispanics (27.4%) and least among whites (15.6%), with blacks and others at an intermediate level (21.8% and 21.2%, respectively). Females (23.5%) were nearly twice as likely to be depressed as males (12.9%). By age, persons 18–24 years reported the highest rate of depression (27.4%), while those 45–64 years reported the lowest (16.3%). As expected, the prevalence of depression was strongly related to family income, with the highest level reported for those earning less than $8500 (29.3%); the lowest level for those earning more than $25, 000 (9.0%). After controlling for effects of selected demographic and socioeconomic variables, neither race nor ethnicity were significantly related to the presence of depression. This suggests that the economic strain experienced by many minorities may be an important determinant of higher rates of depression among blacks and Hispanics.
Oxford University Press
1981-06-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
text/html
http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/113/6/691
en
Copyright (C) 1981, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:113/6/7002015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:113:6
MELANOMAS OF EYE: STABILITY OF RATES
STRICKLAND, DANIEL
LEE, JOHN A. H.
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS
Strickland D. (School of Public Health and Community Medicine, U. of Washington, Seattle WA 98195) and J. A. H. Lee. Melanomas of eye: Stability of rates. <it>Am J Epidemiol</it> 1981; 113: 700–2. The incidence and mortality rates for malignant melanomas of the eye are changing very little in populations in Europe, North America, Austraiasla and Japan. This is in contrast to the rapid rise of these rates for malignant melanoma of skin in these populations.
Oxford University Press
1981-06-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
text/html
http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/113/6/700
en
Copyright (C) 1981, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:113/6/7032015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:113:6
AN OUTBREAK OF ROTAVIRUS DIARRHEA AMONG A NONIMMUNE, ISOLATED SOUTH AMERICAN INDIAN COMMUNITY
LINIARES, ALEXANDRE C.
PINHEIRO, FRANCISCO P.
FREITAS, RONALDO B.
GABBAY, YVONE B.
SHIRLEY, JANE A.
BEARDS, GRAHAM M.
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS
Linhares A. C. (Institute Evandro Chagas, Funda��o Servi�os de Sa�de Publica, Minist�rio da Sa�de, Bel�m, Par�, Brasil), F. P. Pinhelro, R. B. Freitas, Y. B. Gabbay, J. A. Shirley and G. M. Beards. An outbreak of rotavirus diarrhea among a nonimmune, isolated South American Indian community. <it>Am J Epidemiol</it> 1981; 113: 703-10. During July-August 1977, an outbreak of acute diarrhea occurred in an unusually isolated population, the Tiriyo indians, who live in the north of Para, Brazil, near the border with Surinam. Diarrhea was reported by 157 (70%) of the 224 Indians living in the village during the epidemic. There was one fatal case in a one year old child. Rotavirus was detected by electron microscopy in one fecal specimen collected from an acute case of diarrhea. Seroconver-sions were noted in 127 out of 168 (75.6%) paired serum samples tested for rotavirus antibody by counter-immunoelectrophoresls. With immunofluores-cence based neutralization tests, rotavirus serotype 1 (Birmingham) was shown to be associated with the outbreak. The Infection also boosted type 3 antibodies but this was most apparent in persons with pre-existing type 3 titers and the boost was not as great as with type 1. All age groups were affected. The proportion symptomatic was greatest in young children.
Oxford University Press
1981-06-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
text/html
http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/113/6/703
en
Copyright (C) 1981, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:113/6/7112015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:113:6
LEAST SIGNIFICANT RELATIVE RISK DETERMINATION IN THE CASE OF UNEQUAL SAMPLE SIZES
OLIPHANT, THOMAS H.
McHUGH, RICHARD B.
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS
Oliphant, T. H. and R. B. McHugh (School of Public Health, U. of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455). Least significant relative risk determination in the case of unequal sample sizes. <it>Am J Epidemiol</it> 1981;113:711-5. Methods are presented for determining the least significant relative risks in prospective and retrospective studies, for the general case of unequal sample sizes. The methods are illustrated numerically for the prospective study
Oxford University Press
1981-06-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
text/html
http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/113/6/711
en
Copyright (C) 1981, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:113/6/7162015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:113:6
INTERACTION BETWEEN DISCRETE CAUSES
KOOPMAN, JAMES S.
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS
Koopman, J. (School of Public Health, U. of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Ml 48109). Interaction between discrete causes. <it>Am J Epidemiol</it> 1981; 113: 716-24. The interaction contrast of disease rates (ICDR), a measure of deviation from an additive model of no interaction, is shown always to be zero or slightly negative when the assumptions of no interaction in the sufficient-component discrete causes model hold. Since all physical sources of interaction which one might postulate between discrete causes imply a deviation from this model, the ICDR is a good parameter to screen for causal Interaction. Specific models which deviate from the assumptions of no interaction in the sufficient-component discrete causes model should be sought when the ICDR differs from zero. An example of parameterizing interaction in one such model is presented. The additive model is inconsistent with the multiplicative when two causes are studied; negative or no interaction in the multiplicative model might represent positive interaction in the additive model. Use of the multiplicative model to screen for causal interactions could thus lead to inappropriate decisions regarding the need to seek causal explanations for interaction. Since positive interaction In the multiplicative model implies positive Interaction in the additive, there will be no such inappropriate decisions when positive interaction is observed in the multiplicative model
Oxford University Press
1981-06-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
text/html
http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/113/6/716
en
Copyright (C) 1981, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:113/6/7252015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:113:6
INDEX: Pagination according to issue number
INDEX
Oxford University Press
1981-06-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
text/html
http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/113/6/725
en
Copyright (C) 1981, Oxford University Press