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oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:114/5/6092015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:114:5
GUIDELINES FOR DOCUMENTATION OF EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDIES: EPIDEMIOLOGY WORK GROUP OF THE INTERAGENCY REGULATORY LIAISON GROUP
REVIEWS AND COMMENTARY
Oxford University Press
1981-11-01 00:00:00.0
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/114/5/609
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Copyright (C) 1981, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:114/5/6112015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:114:5
IRLG GUIDELINES FOR DOCUMENTATION OF EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDIES
REVIEWS AND COMMENTARY
Oxford University Press
1981-11-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/114/5/611
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Copyright (C) 1981, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:114/5/6142015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:114:5
COMMENTARY: THE INTERAGENCY REGULATORY LIAISON GROUP "GUIDELINES FOR DOCUMENTATION OF EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDIES": JOINT COMMITTEE ON GOVERNMENTAL AFFAIRS OF THE EPIDEMIOLOGY SECTION (AMERICAN PUBLIC HEALTH ASSOCIATION) AND THE SOCIETY FOR EPIDEMIOLOGIC RESEARCH
REVIEWS AND COMMENTARY
Oxford University Press
1981-11-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/114/5/614
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Copyright (C) 1981, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:114/5/6192015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:114:5
ARBOVIRUS SUBTYPING: APPLICATIONS TO EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDIES, AVAILABILITY OF REAGENTS, AND TESTING SERVICES
CALISHER, CHARLES H.
MONATH, THOMAS P.
KARABATSOS, NICK
TRENT, DENNIS W.
REVIEWS AND COMMENTARY
Oxford University Press
1981-11-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/114/5/619
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Copyright (C) 1981, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:114/5/6322015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:114:5
The Alexander D. Langmuir Lecture THE PATHOGENESIS OF DENGUE: MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY IN INFECTIOUS DISEASE
HALSTEAD, SCOTT B.
REVIEWS AND COMMENTARY
Oxford University Press
1981-11-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/114/5/632
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Copyright (C) 1981, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:114/5/6492015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:114:5
USE OF RELATIVE OPERATING CHARACTERISTIC ANALYSIS IN EPIDEMIOLOGY: A METHOD FOR DEALING WITH SUBJECTIVE JUDGEMENT
ERDREICH, LINDA S.
LEE, ELISA T.
REVIEWS AND COMMENTARY
Oxford University Press
1981-11-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/114/5/649
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Copyright (C) 1981, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:114/5/6632015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:114:5
AN OUTBREAK OF SALMONELLOSIS INVOLVING MULTIPLE VEHICLES
BLASER, MARTIN J.
RAFUSE, EARLE M.
WELLS, JOY G.
POLLARD, ROBERT A.
FELDMAN, ROGER A.
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS
A biphasic outbreak of salmonellosis affected customers and employees of a restaurant in Maine, in October and November, 1979. <it>Salmonella typhimurium</it> was isolated from 27 customers and nine employees. Ten other individuals were ill but did not have specimens taken for culture, and there were four secondary cases including one affecting a laboratory technician. Fourteen individuals (28%) were hospitalized for up to 45 days, and a total of 416 days of work were lost as a result of the outbreak. Two different food items served at the restaurant at separate times were identified as vehicles. In the first part of the outbreak, 37 persons who consumed either egg-based foods (<it>p</it> = 0.003) or salad (<it>p</it> = 0.006) became ill. In the second phase of the outbreak, in late October and November, nine cases were associated with consumption of inadequately refrigerated salad (<it>p</it> = 0.008), but not with egg-based foods. An infected symptomatic food handler prepared the incriminated salad for some members of this latter group. Use of antacids was also associated with illness (<it>p</it> = 0.03). The occurrence of illness over a seven-week period, the implication of several vehicles, and the demonstration of secondary cases suggest that “sporadic” cases of saimonellosis in the community may be linked.
Oxford University Press
1981-11-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/114/5/663
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Copyright (C) 1981, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:114/5/6712015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:114:5
SUDDEN UNEXPECTED DEATH IN WOMEN: BIOLOGIC AND PSYCHOSOCIAL ORIGINS
TALBOTT, EVELYN
KULLER, LEWIS H.
PERPER, JOSHUA
MURPHY, PATRICIA A.
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS
The relationship of the risk of sudden death from arteriosclerotic heart disease to biologic and psychosocial factors was studied retrospectively In Allegheny County, Pennsylvania, in 80 white women who died from arteriosclerotic heart disease during March, 1977-October, 1978, and in 80 age-matched neighborhood controls. All cases of sudden death in white women aged 25–64 years who died outside the hospital within 24 hours of onset of symptoms were ascertained. The overall autopsy rate was 63%. Detailed post-mortem examinations were conducted on 42 of 80 sudden cardiac cases. Cases were more often heavy smokers and had fewer children than the control population. Fifteen out of 80 women who died suddenly of heart disease and three controls had a definite history of psychiatric disease. Cases had more often experienced the death of a significant other within six months prior to their demise. Multiple regression analysis showed that cigarette smoking, psychiatric history and death of a significant other contributed significantly to differences between women who died suddenly and control women. Thirteen women died suddenly under the age of 45 years. Six of the 13 deaths were due to arteriosclerotic heart disease. These six women were all smokers, and four were currently taking oral contraceptives or estrogen replacements.
Oxford University Press
1981-11-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/114/5/671
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Copyright (C) 1981, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:114/5/6832015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:114:5
DIET, OTHER LIFESTYLE FACTORS AND HDL CHOLESTEROL IN A POPULATION OF AUSTRALIAN MALE SERVICE RECRUITS
DWYER, TERENCE
CALVERT, G. DENNIS
BAGHURST, KATRINE I.
LEITCH, DONALD R.
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS
The association between dietary and other factors and plasma high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol concentration was examined cross-sectionally and longitudinally in a sample (<it>n</it> = 530) of Australian male service recruits (mean age 21 years) involved in a nine-week induction training program. The findings suggest that diet may make an independent contribution to HDL cholesterol, equal in importance to alcohol, smoking, fitness and obesity—previously identified as being important. Water and carbohydrate consumption showed a negative cross-sectional association with HDL cholesterol on multivariate analysis. The negative association for carbohydrates was also observed longitudinally. Less consistent associations for saturated fat and for total energy intake were also observed. When the relationship between dietary factors and the HDL cholesterol/cholesterol ratio was examined the most important dietary factor appeared to be saturated fat, which was negatively associated with this ratio. No consistent association was observed for any of the 67 individual foods examined.
Oxford University Press
1981-11-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/114/5/683
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Copyright (C) 1981, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:114/5/6972015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:114:5
OBESITY, VERY LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS, AND GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE OVER FOURTEEN YEARS: THE FRAMINGHAM STUDY
WILSON, PETER W.
McGEE, DANIEL L.
KANNEL, WILLIAM B.
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS
A total of 5082 men and women in the Framingham Heart Study population who were free of any glucose abnormality and aged 33 to 67 years were followed prospectively over 14 years for the occurrence of glucose intolerance. The diagnosis of glucose intolerance was defined as developing documented hyperglycemia or being placed on justified treatment by a physician. The 14-year incidence was 6.7% In men and 5.5% in women. Multivariate analysis was used and future glucose intolerance in men and women was highly associated with casual blood glucose, Metropolitan Relative Weight and very low density ilpoproteins at the baseline exam. Other factors showed only sex-specific or univariate associations. Obesity and ilpoprotein abnormalities were shown to be independent markers in the prediction of future glucose intolerance.
Oxford University Press
1981-11-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/114/5/697
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Copyright (C) 1981, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:114/5/7052015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:114:5
EARLY AGE AT FIRST BIRTH AND DECREASED RISK OF BREAST CANCER
BAIN, CHRISTOPHER
WILLETT, WALTER
ROSNER, BERNARD
SPEIZER, FRANK E.
BELANGER, CHARLENE
HENNEKENS, CHARLES H.
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS
The relationship between age at birth of a first child and breast cancer was evaluated for 1159 affected women and 11,590 women without cancer in data collected In 1976 among married female registered nurses residing in 11 states in the United States. A positive trend of increasing risk of breast cancer with later ages at first birth was found (<f>$${\chi }_{1}^{2}$$</f>) for trend in proportions = 30.9, p < 0.01). Adjustment for potential confounding variables by multiple logistic regression did not affect this trend. The presence of this relationship using non-hospitalized controls of similar social status to cases supports the reality of this association, which has recently been challenged as an artifact due to inappropriate choice of hospitalized controls.
Oxford University Press
1981-11-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/114/5/705
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Copyright (C) 1981, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:114/5/7102015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:114:5
EXOGENOUS ESTROGENS AND BREAST CANCER
LAWSON, DAVID H.
JICK, HERSHEL
HUNTER, JUDITH R.
MADSEN, SUE
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS
Rates of breast cancer at Group Health Cooperative of Puget Sound, Seattle, Washington, a health maintenance organization, remained stable from 1972–1979 in women aged 30–44 years and in women aged 55–64 years, despite the fact that the frequency of use of estrogen-containing drugs has varied substantially. By contrast, rates of breast cancer in women aged 45–54 years appear to have fallen since 1977 in association with a substantial fall in estrogen use in women of this age group. The results are consistent with an etlologic role for current exogenous estrogen in breast cancer in middle-aged women.
Oxford University Press
1981-11-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/114/5/710
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Copyright (C) 1981, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:114/5/7142015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:114:5
DIETARY VITAMIN C AND UTERINE CERVICAL DYSPLASIA
WASSERTHEIL-SMOLLER, SYLVIA
ROMNEY, SEYMOUR L.
WYLIE-ROSETT, JUDITH
SLAGLE, SUSAN
MILLER, GAIL
LUCIDO, DAVID
DUTTAGUPTA, CHANDRALEKHA
PALAN, PRABHUDAS R.
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS
A case-control study of women with cervical abnormalities identified through Pap smears, was conducted in the Bronx, New York, to explore the relationship between nutritional intake and cervical dysplasia. Nutrient intake was estimated from computer analysis of three-day food records and 24-hour recall for 169 study participants (87 cases, 82 controls), including a subset of 49 pairs matched for age, race and parity. Mean vitamin C intake per day from three-day food record for controls was 107 mg, compared to 80mg for cases (<it>p</it> <0.01). Analysis of matched pairs showed similar results; 29% of cases compared to 3% of controls in matched subset had vitamin C intake less than 50% of the recommended daily allowance, yielding a ten-fold increase in risk of cervical dysplasia as estimated by odds ratio (<it>p</it> <0.05). Younger age, greater frequency of sexual intercourse and younger age at first intercourse were associated with higher risk of cervical dysplasia. Multiple logistic analyses indicated that low vitamin C intake is an independent contributor to risk of severe cervical dysplasia when age and sexual activity variables are controlled. Approximately 35% of US women in their reproductive years have daily vitamin C intake below 30 mg, and 68% have vitamin C intake below 88 mg. If other studies confirm these findings, it may be important to explore a possibie protective role of supplementary vitamin C for women at high risk of cervical cancer.
Oxford University Press
1981-11-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/114/5/714
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Copyright (C) 1981, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:114/5/7252015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:114:5
POWER CONSIDERATIONS IN EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDIES OF VINYL CHLORIDE WORKERS
BEAUMONT, JAMES J.
BRESLOW, NORMAN E.
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS
Nine retrospective mortality studies of workers exposed to vinyl chloride were reviewed to determine whether differences in their hypothesis testing results might be due to differences in statistical power. Where possible, the power of each study was calculated for cancer of the lung, brain and liver. When power was taken into consideration, the results for liver and brain cancer were found to be consistent with an etiologic role for vinyl chloride. For lung cancer, the data were not consistent with an etiologic role, in that two studies with very high power yielded negative results.
Oxford University Press
1981-11-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/114/5/725
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Copyright (C) 1981, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:114/5/7352015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:114:5
THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN SEASON OF BIRTH AND THE RISK FOR SCHIZOPHRENIA
PULVER, ANN E.
SAWYER, JOHN W.
CHILDS, BARTON
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS
Many epidemiologic studies have been conducted to discover factors that might bear on the origins of schizophrenia. In general, the results of these studies have been contradictory. One consistent finding, however, is an association between season of birth and the risk for schizophrenia. This paper reports a test of the hypothesis that season of birth is associated with the risk for subgroups of the schizophrenic population. The results of regression analyses of data from Monroe County, New York, are reported. All white residents who were reported to have been diagnosed schizophrenic for the first time during the period January 1, 1969, to December 31, 1971, and who were hospitalized at least one day in the five-year period following the first schizophrenic diagnosis formed the group of schizophrenic patients. The population data used for the denominators of the incidence rates consisted of all white residents living in Monroe County, New York, as of April 1, 1970. An effect of month of birth on the risk for schizophrenia was related to the sex and the age of subsets of the whole population.
Oxford University Press
1981-11-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/114/5/735
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Copyright (C) 1981, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:114/5/7502015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:114:5
LIVER FUNCTION ABNORMALITIES IN THE COURSE OF A TYPE A (H1N1) INFLUENZA OUTBREAK: RELATION TO REYE'S SYNDROME
MONTO, ARNOLD S.
CEGLAREK, JOHN P.
HAYNER, NORMAN S.
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS
In the course of the A/Brazil (H1N1) outbreak of 1978–1979, two cases of Reye's syndrome occurred in Grayling, Michigan, an area with a county-wide population of 2056 school age children. School absenteeism peaked at levels between 16–28 per cent. Clinical histories and paired blood specimens were collected from 860 school children; the initial blood was obtained shortly after the peak of the outbreak. Serologic results confirmed that type A H1 N1 virus was the cause of the outbreak. Serum alanine amlnotransferase (SGPT) and creatine phosphoklnase (CPK) values were determined on all initial blood specimens and a sample of the second specimens. CPK results did not correlate with infection, illness or SGPT values. SGPT values of 60 IU/I or greater were found in 1.5 per cent of those tested. The elevated values were not associated with illness but were associated with influenza infection. Based on the excess number with elevated results in those with recent infection, it is estImated that at least 2.7 per cent of individuals infected by type A (H1N1) influenza had associated elevated SGPT.
Oxford University Press
1981-11-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/114/5/750
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Copyright (C) 1981, Oxford University Press