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oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:119/4/4732015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:119:4
CONGENITAL MALFORMATIONS AND MATERNAL DRINKING WATER SUPPLY IN RURAL SOUTH AUSTRALIA: A CASE-CONTROL STUDY
DORSCH, MARGARET M.
SCRAGG, ROBERT K. R.
MCMICHAEL, ANTHONY J.
BAGHURST, PETER A.
DYER, KENNETH F.
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS
A case-control study, carried out in the Mount Gambler region of South Australia, investigated the relationship between mothers' antenatal drinking water source and malformations in offspring. It was prompted by earlier descriptive findings of a statistically significant, and localized, increase in the perinatal mortality rate in Mount Gambler, due principally to congenital malformations affecting the central nervous system and multiple organ systems. Available for statistical analysis were 218 case-control pairs, from the period 1951–1979, individually matched by hospital, maternal age (±2 years), parity and date of birth (± 1 month). Compared with women who drank only rainwater during their pregnancy (relative risk (RR) = 1.0), women who consumed principally ground-water had a statistically significant increase in risk of bearing a malformed child (RR = 2.8). Statistically significant risk increases occurred specifically for malformations of the central nervous system and musculoskeletal system. Reanalysis of the data by estimated water nitrate concentration demonstrated a nearly threefold increase in risk for women who drank water containing 5–15 ppm of nitrate, and a fourfold increase in risk for those consuming >15 ppm of nitrate. A seasonal gradient in risk was evident among groundwater consumers, ranging from 0.9 for babies conceived in winter, 3.0 in autumn, to 7.0 and 6.3 for spring and summer conceptions, respectively. Linear logistic regression analysis, controling for risk factors not accounted for in the study design, showed that maternal water supply, infant's sex, and mother's area of residence all contributed significantly to the risk of malformation. These results are discussed in relation to previous experimental and human descriptive studies, suggesting a plausible mechanism for nitrate-induced teratogenesis.
Oxford University Press
1984-04-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/119/4/473
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Copyright (C) 1984, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:119/4/4872015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:119:4
EPIDEMIOLOGY OF NEURAL TUBE DEFECTS IN UTAH, 1940-1979
JORDE, L. B.
FINEMAN, R. M.
MARTIN, R. A.
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS
The prevalence and distribution of 991 cases of neural tube defects who were born in Utah in 1940–1979 are analyzed. The average prevalence at birth is 1.00 per 1000 births (live and stillbirths), which is similar to other states in the western United States. A decline in prevalence is observed during the past 10 years, although there is not a long-term secular trend for the whole time period. Examination of hospital records shows that 17.9% of neural tube defects were not reported on birth or fetal death certificates. The male/female sex ratio is 0.67. No seasonality is found for spina bifida cases; however, a bimodal distribution, with a substantial deficit in May, is observed for anencephaly. A significant negative correlation is found between neural tube defect prevalence and the percentage of individuals in each Utah county who are members of the Mormon Church. No association is found between levels of fallout exposure in Utah and regional variation in neural tube defects, and time-space clustering analysis demonstrates no significant clusters of neural tube defects in Utah.
Oxford University Press
1984-04-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/119/4/487
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Copyright (C) 1984, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:119/4/4962015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:119:4
BREAST CANCER IN TWO POPULATIONS WITH DIFFERENT LEVELS OF RISK FOR THE DISEASE
NOMURA, ABRAHAM M. Y.
LEE, JAMES
KOLONEL, LAURENCE N.
HIROHATA, TOMIO
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS
Caucasian women in Hawaii have a higher risk for breast cancer than women of Japanese ancestry. In order to determine to what extent known risk factors account for the difference in risk between the two groups, a case-control study was done from 1975 to 1980. A total of 183 Japanese and 161 Caucasian breast cancer cases were interviewed along with their respective controls. The findings suggested that a positive history of benign breast disease, a family history of breast cancer, late menopause, late age at first childbirth and early age at menarche did not fully account for the difference in breast cancer risk between Caucasian and Japanese women in Hawaii. Attention needs to be focused on other factors that are under environmental influence.
Oxford University Press
1984-04-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/119/4/496
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Copyright (C) 1984, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:119/4/5032015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:119:4
BREAST CANCER SURVIVAL RATES AMONG SEVENTH-DAY ADVENTISTS AND NON-SEVENTH-DAY ADVENTISTS
ZOLLINGER, TERRELL W.
PHILLIPS, ROLAND L.
KUZMA, JAN W.
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS
Survival rates were compared among 282 Seventh-day Adventists and 1675 other white female cancer cases following diagnosis during the 30-year period, 1946 to 1976, at two California hospitals owned and operated by the Seventh-day Adventist Church. The Adventist women had a more favorable 5-year relative survival pattern than the other women (69.7% vs. 62.9%) as well as a higher probability of not dying of breast cancer. The differences, however, were no longer significant when stage at diagnosis was taken into account. it seems likely that the lower breast cancer death rates reported among Seventh-day Adventlst women as compared with the general population result in part from better survival patterns due to earlier diagnosis and treatment.
Oxford University Press
1984-04-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/119/4/503
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Copyright (C) 1984, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:119/4/5102015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:119:4
URINARY TRACT INFECTION AND RISK OF BLADDER CANCER
KANTOR, ARLENE F.
HARTGE, PATRICIA
HOOVER, ROBERT N.
NARAYANA, AMBATI S.
SULLIVAN, J. W.
FRAUMENI, JOSEPH F.
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS
In an epidemiologic study of 2982 bladder carcinoma patients and 5782 population controls from 10 geographic areas of the United States, the role of urinary tract infection and inflammation in the etiology of this neoplasm was evaluated. A history of urinary tract infection significantly elevated the risk of bladder cancer, particularly in individuals who reported three or more infections (relative risk (RR) = 2.0). Significantly increased bladder cancer risk was also found for bladder stones (RR = 1.8), while kidney stones showed no relation. A history of three or more urinary tract infections was strongly related to squamous cell carcinoma in particular (RR = 4.8).
Oxford University Press
1984-04-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/119/4/510
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Copyright (C) 1984, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:119/4/5162015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:119:4
ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS IN THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BREASTFEEDING AND INFANT MORTALITY: THE ROLE OF SANITATION AND WATER IN MALAYSIA
BUTZ, WILLIAM P.
HABICHT, JEAN-PIERRE
DAVANZO, JULIE
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS
Mothers' recall data collected in Malaysia in 1976–1977 are analyzed to study correlates of mortality of 5471 infants. Respondent population is 1262 women living in 52 primary sampling units of Peninsular Malaysia. Lengths of unsupplemented and supplemented breastfeeding and presence of piped household water and toilet sanitation are related to infant mortality in regressions that also control other correlates. The analysis is disaggregated into three periods of infancy. Through six months of feeding, unsupplemented breastfeeding is more strongly associated with fewer infant deaths than is supplemented breastfeeding. Type of sanitation is generally more strongly associated with mortality than is type of water supply. The effects of breastfeeding and the environmental variables are shown to be strongly interactive and to change systematically during the course of infancy. Breastfeeding is more strongly associated with infant survival in homes without piped water or toilet sanitation. in homes with both modern facilities, supplemented breastfeeding has no significant effect, and unsupplemented breastfeeding is statistically significant only for mortality in days 8–28. Presence of modern water and sanitation systems appears unimportant for mortality of infants who are breastfed without supplementation for six months.
Oxford University Press
1984-04-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/119/4/516
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Copyright (C) 1984, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:119/4/5262015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:119:4
EVIDENCE FOR AN INCREASED RISK FOR HYPERTENSION WITH CENTRALLY LOCATED BODY FAT AND THE EFFECT OF RACE AND SEX ON THIS RISK
BLAIR, DOROTHY
HABICHT, JEAN-PIERRE
SIMS, ETHAN A. H.
SYLWESTER, DAVID
ABRAHAM, SIDNEY
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS
Data from the First Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (HANES), 1971–1974, were used to examine the relationship between blood pressure and the distribution of subcutaneous body fat in 5506 survey participants, ages 30–59. Triceps and subscapular skinfolds were used as approximations of peripheral and centrally located body fat The effects of race, sex and age on the obesity-blood pressure relationship were analyzed. Subscapular skinfold was the better predictor of both systolic and diastolic blood pressure in each race-sex group, sharing all of the association of triceps with blood pressure and having significant predictive power unshared by triceps. The slopes of regression of subscapular skinfolds with systolic blood pressure for each race-sex group were not significantly different A 1 mm increase in skinfold thickness increased the predicted mean systolic blood pressure by 0.63 ± 0.03 mmHg (<it>F</it> = 519). Mean diastolic blood pressure rose 0.43 ± 0.02 mmHg per unit increase of skinfold in whites (<it>F</it> = 549), and 0.14 ± 0.04 mmHg less in blacks (<it>F</it> = 13), indicating a significant racial difference. Age and subscapular skinfold contributed independently to the variability in blood pressure in each race-sex group. These results demonstrate that the blood pressure of middle-aged Americans is more directly associated with centrally deposited body fat. This finding is true across race and sex groups, and is independent of age.
Oxford University Press
1984-04-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/119/4/526
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Copyright (C) 1984, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:119/4/5412015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:119:4
BLOOD PRESSURE DURING THE FIRST FIVE YEARS OF LIFE: RELATION TO ETHNIC GROUP (BLACK OR WHITE) AND TO PARENTAL HYPERTENSION
SCHACHTER, JOSEPH
KULLER, LEWIS H.
PERFETTI, CAROL
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS
Blood pressure was measured in 392 healthy, full-term, appropriate-weight infants and was measured again at 6, 15, 24, 36, 48, and 60 months of age. Systolic pressure rose from birth to six months of age, remained at a plateau until 15 months of age, and from 24 to 60 months rose an average of 1 mmHg per year. Diastolic pressure rose from birth to 24 months but showed little change from 24 to 60 months. The correlation of systolic with diastolic pressure decreased seriatim from birth to 60 months. Blood pressure did not vary as a function of ethnic grousp, sex, or socioeconomlc status during the first five years of life. The association of body size with blood pressure was no more than modest during this period, but seemed to be closer for females than for males. A closer child-parent association was found for heart rate than for blood pressure. The child's heart rate was inversely associated with the parent's blood pressure although the child's blood pressure was not associated with the parent's pressure. During the first five years of life, a low heart rate may be a more significant risk factor for adult hypertension than elevated blood pressure.
Oxford University Press
1984-04-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/119/4/541
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Copyright (C) 1984, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:119/4/5542015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:119:4
HEART RATE DURING THE FIRST FIVE YEARS OF LIFE: RELATION TO ETHNIC GROUP (BLACK OR WHITE) AND TO PARENTAL HYPERTENSION
SCHACHTER, JOSEPH
KULLER, LEWIS H.
PERFETTI, CAROL
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS
Heart rate was measured in 392 healthy, full-term, appropriate-weight infants and was measured again at 6, 15, 24, 36, 46, and 60 months of age. Heart rate increased from newborn to six months of age and then decreased seriatim. Heart rate did not vary as a function of socioeconomic status or of sex. Blacks had higher heart rates than whites as newborns and at six months of age; at the older ages the difference was no longer significant The slowing of heart rate with age was greater among blacks. Heart rate was inversely associated with weight and with height, but showed no association with blood pressure. A significant child-mother correlation of heart rate was found at two ages. No significant child-mother correlations of systolic or of dlastolic blood pressure were found. Thus, a closer child-parent association was found for heart rate than for blood pressure. Offspring of a parent with a history of hypertension had slower heart rates than offspring neither of whose parents had a history of hypertension. Neither the child's systolic nor diastolic blood pressure varied with the presence or absence of a parental history of hypertension. Results suggest that during the first five years of life a child's slower heart rate may be a better index of risk of adult hypertension than a child's elevated blood pressure.
Oxford University Press
1984-04-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/119/4/554
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oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:119/4/5642015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:119:4
GRAVIDITY AND DIABETIC RETINOPATHY
KLEIN, BARBARA E. K.
KLEIN, RONALD
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS
The relationship between gravidity and severity of diabetic retinopathy was investigated in a population-based sample of diabetic patients. All of these women had had diabetes diagnosed before 30 years of age and were taking insulin. All received their primary medical care in an 11-county region of southwestern Wisconsin (Health Service Area 1). Each participant had an ophthal-mologic examination which included stereoscopic fundus photography of seven standard fields in each eye. Photos were graded according to a standard protocol. Of the 397 women, 197 had never been pregnant, 88 had been pregnant once, 56 had been pregnant twice, and 56 had been pregnant three or more times after diabetes was diagnosed. The number of pregnancies was positively associated with the severity of retinopathy. However, after controlling for duration of diabetes, this relationship was no longer apparent. Using an ordinal regression model, duration of diabetes, diastolic blood pressure and glycosylated hemoglobin were significant predictors of the severity of diabetic retinopathy.
Oxford University Press
1984-04-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/119/4/564
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Copyright (C) 1984, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:119/4/5702015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:119:4
COMPARATIVE HEAD TRAUMA EXPERIENCES IN TWO SOCIOECONOMICALLY DIFFERENT CHICAGO-AREA COMMUNITIES: A POPULATION STUDY
WHITMAN, STEVEN
COONLEY-HOGANSON, ROCHELLE
DESAI, BINDU T.
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS
Although a few epidemiologlc studies of head injuries have appeared recently, none have examined the incidence, causes and risk factors for an inner city environment. To overcome this deficiency, the authors visited 35 hospitals and the Office of the Medical Examiner and abstracted data from every chart that described a head injury that had been sustained during a 12-month interval by residents of either of two Chicago-area communities: one located in the inner city, comprised almost entirety of blacks; the other the city of Evanston, a Chicago suburb, about 21% black and 75% white. Denominators came from the 1980 Census. Age-adjusted incidence rates, per 100, 000 population, were 403 for the inner city community, 394 for Evanston blacks and 196 for Evanston whites. In each race-community category, males were about 2.5 times more likely than females to sustain a head injury. Mortality rates from head trauma were 32 for the inner city community, 19 for Evanston blacks and 11 for Evanston whites. The leading cause of head trauma and death from head trauma was interpersonal attacks for the inner city residents and vehicle accidents for Evanston residents. Community differences, revealed in this study, and in a comparison of this study with previous reports, are discussed. Finally, methodological differences among these studies are examined in an effort to determine which differences in results reflect actual differences in head trauma experience.
Oxford University Press
1984-04-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/119/4/570
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Copyright (C) 1984, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:119/4/5812015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:119:4
ASSESSMENT OF THREE BRIEF METHODS OF ESTIMATION OF VITAMIN A AND C INTAKES FOR A PROSPECTIVE STUDY OF CANCER: COMPARISON WITH DIETARY HISTORY
GRAY, GREGORY E.
PAGANINI-HILL, ANNLIA
ROSS, RONALD K.
HENDERSON, BRIAN E.
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS
Three methods of estimating vitamin A and C in takes from food frequency data obtained in June 1981 were compared with estimates obtained from dietary histories taken in September 1982, in 50 elderly residents of a Southern California retirement community. The first method of estimating vitamin A and C in takes (A<inf>f</inf> and C<inf>f</inf>) was to add the products of the frequency of use of foods and the vitamin content of an average serving. The second method of estimating the in takes of these vitamins (A<inf>l</inf> and C<inf>l</inf>) was to develop an index based on the sum of frequencies of consumption of foods rich in these vitamins. This was then converted to absolute amounts using a regression equation. The third method (A<inf>r</inf> and C<inf>r</inf>) was to use stepwlse multiple regression with the estimated in takes from the history (A<inf>h</inf> and C<inf>h</inf>) as dependent variables and to develop an equation with a small number of foods as the independent variables. When in takes from food alone were examined, the Spearman correlations between A<inf>h</inf> and A<inf>f</inf>' A<inf>l</inf>' and A<inf>r</inf>' respectively, were 0.03, 0.16, and 0.43; the correlations between C<inf>h</inf> and C<inf>f</inf>' C<inf>l</inf>' and C<inf>r</inf> were 0.29, 0.36, and 0.38. When supplemental vitamin in takes were in cluded, the correlations were between 0.35 and 0.44 for vitamin A and between 0.62 and 0.64 for vitamin C. The results demonstrated the importance of including the contribution of supplemental vitamins in estimating total vitamin A and C in take and suggested that the index and regression approaches may be superior to A<inf>f</inf> and C<inf>f</inf> for estimating dietary vitamin in takes from food frequency questionnaires.
Oxford University Press
1984-04-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/119/4/581
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Copyright (C) 1984, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:119/4/5912015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:119:4
IMMUNOLOGIC RESPONSIVENESS AND SAFETY ASSOCIATED WITH THE COCCIDIOIDES IMMITIS SPHERULE VACCINE IN VOLUNTEERS OF WHITE, BLACK, AND FILIPINO ANCESTRY
WILLIAMS, PAUL L.
SABLE, DAVID L.
SORGEN, STEVEN P.
PAPPAGIANIS, DEMOSTHENES
LEVINE, H. B.
BRODINE, STEPHANIE K.
BROWN, BYRON W.
GRUMET, F. CARL
STEVENS, DAVID A.
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS
A trial of the killed Coccidioides immitis spherule vaccine was undertaken with 151 healthy skin test negative adult volunteers and controls to evaluate the safety of selected regimens, the induction of humoral and cell-mediated immune responses, and to determine if there were immunogenetic differences in these responses. The vaccine was given as three intra-deltoid doses over 8 weeks. No severe systemic symptoms were noted, although 3% of 3.5 mg doses (but no 1.75 mg doses) were associated with severe local reactions. Half the vaccinees had skin test conversions, which generally persisted ≥6 months, two-thirds showed boosting of lymphocyte transformation in vitro, and 16% given three 3.5 mg doses developed antibody. There was an association between degree of local adverse vaccine reaction and immunostimulation, and a trend to immune response in persons of O blood type and with some HLA phenotypes. There was no evidence of deficient response to vaccination in subpopulatlons known to respond to coccidioidal infection poorly. A regimen of three 1.75 mg doses appears to be safe and without reduced Immunogenicity, and there is no evidence dosage modification for certain subpopulatlons would be necessary in efficacy studies.
Oxford University Press
1984-04-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/119/4/591
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Copyright (C) 1984, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:119/4/6032015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:119:4
MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION AMONG WOMEN IN GOTEBORG, SWEDEN: A COMMUNITY STUDY OF MORTALITY AND INCIDENCE, 1968-1977
JOHANSSON, SAGA
VEDIN, ANDERS
WILHELMSSON, CLAES
WEDEL, HANS
WILHELMSEN, LARS
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS
Studies were made of all female cases below 65 years of age with acute myocardial infarction in Göteborg. Incidence and mortality rates were calculated. During the 10-year period 1968–1977, 1048 women were registered. More than half of the 491 fatal cases occurred outside hospital. In general, the incidence of myocardial infarction was unchanged during the study period except for women 50–54 years of age. In this age group the incidence increased. There were no time trends as to case fatality and the proportion of the total mortality due to infarction.
Oxford University Press
1984-04-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/119/4/603
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Copyright (C) 1984, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:119/4/6102015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:119:4
SEX DIFFERENCES IN PREINFARCTION CHARACTERISTICS AND LONGTERM SURVIVAL AMONG PATIENTS WITH MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION
JOHANSSON, SAGA
BERGSTRAND, ROBERT
ULVENSTAM, GORAN
VEDIN, ANDERS
WILHELMSSON, CLAES
WEDEL, HANS
WILHELMSEN, LARS
ÅBERG, ANDERS
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS
The prevalence of primary risk factors, previous medical history, and physical activity were assessed among 262 women and 1259 men who suffered a first nonfatal myocardial infarction between 1968 and 1977 in Göteborg, Sweden. The probability of suffering a myocardial infarction based on the conventional factors cholesterol level, systolic blood pressure and smoking habits was estimated in both sexes by means of a multiple risk function. Comparisons between sexes were made with age alone and age and estimated primary risk as confounders. Survival rate and reinfarction rate were calculated for a 5-year period of follow-up. Women with infarctions had higher serum cholesterol levels (<it>p</it> < 0.001) and higher blood pressure values (<it>p</it> < 0.001) but were less often smokers than men (<it>p</it> < 0.001). The female patients also reported chest pain and dyspnea on exertion, and low physical activity both at work and during lesiure time significantly more often than men; these differences remained after controlling for estimated primary risk. An overrepresentatlon of hypertension and diabetes prior to myocardial infarction was found among women below 45 years of age compared with men. A high frequency of women in this age group was also on sick leave or disability pension at onset of myocardial infarction, suggesting that mainly women with several risk factors including socloeco-nomlc factors suffer an infarction at this age. No similar and consistent differences were found between women and men of older ages. The cumulative 5-year survival rate was 80% in women and 81% in men. Below age 45 the survival rate was lower among women than men (<it>p</it> < 0.01). No sex difference was found in the recurrence rate of nonfatal reinfarctions. This indicates that once women have suffered a myocardial infarction they are exposed to at least as high a risk as men.
Oxford University Press
1984-04-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/119/4/610
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Copyright (C) 1984, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:119/4/6242015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:119:4
A COHORT ANALYSIS OF LUNG CANCER AND SMOKING IN BRITISH MALES
STEVENS, RICHARD G.
MOOLGAVKAR, SURESH H.
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS
Lung cancer mortality in England and Wales among males in the age group 25 to 84 over the years 1941 to 1975 was analyzed. Using cigarette consumption information from the Tobacco Research Council and a statistical model, relative and attributable risks were estimated. The lung cancer deaths could be partitioned into deaths among smokers and deaths among nonsmokers; 88% of total male deaths during the study period could be attributed to smoking. Whereas the mortality rate among smokers increased over the entire span of the analysis, the rate among nonsmokers rose gradually until 1956–1960 and then declined until 1971–1975. The beginning of the decline was coincident with the implementation of the Clean Air Act of 1956. In order to address possible systematic biases in the smoking data, Monte Cario simulations were performed.
Oxford University Press
1984-04-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/119/4/624
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Copyright (C) 1984, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:119/4/6422015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:119:4
DETERMINATION OF MINIMAL DETECTABLE VALUES OF FAMILIAL CORRELATIONS
DONNER, ALLAN
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS
Formulas and tables are given for determining interclass and intraclass correlations which it is possible to demonstrate as statistically significant with given probability in family studies of a particular size.
Oxford University Press
1984-04-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/119/4/642
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Copyright (C) 1984, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:119/4/650-a2015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:119:4
THE AUTHORS REPLY
Dobson, A. J.
Gibberd, R. W.
Leeder, S. R.
LETTERS TO THE EDITOR
Oxford University Press
1984-04-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/119/4/650-a
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oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:119/4/6502015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:119:4
ON DEATH CERTIFICATION AND CODING FOR ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE
Gillum, Richard F.
LETTERS TO THE EDITOR
Oxford University Press
1984-04-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/119/4/650
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THE AUTHORS REPLY
Belshe, Robert B.
Van Voris, Lee P.
Mufson, Maurice A.
LETTERS TO THE EDITOR
Oxford University Press
1984-04-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/119/4/651-a
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Copyright (C) 1984, Oxford University Press
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RE: "GENETIC VARIANCE OF BLOOD PRESSURE LEVELS IN INFANT TWINS"
Kramer, Andrew A.
LETTERS TO THE EDITOR
Oxford University Press
1984-04-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/119/4/651-b
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RE: "IMPACT OF VIRAL RESPIRATORY DISEASES ON INFANTS AND YOUNG CHILDREN IN A RURAL AND URBAN AREA OF SOUTHERN WEST VIRGINIA"
Doege, Theodore C.
LETTERS TO THE EDITOR
Oxford University Press
1984-04-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/119/4/651
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oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:119/4/6522015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:119:4
THE FIRST AUTHOR REPLIES
Levine, Robert S.
LETTERS TO THE EDITOR
Oxford University Press
1984-04-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/119/4/652
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oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:119/4/651a1984-04-01HighWireOUPamjepid:119:4
Re: "Genetic variance of blood pressure levels in infant twins"
Kramer, AA
LETTERS TO THE EDITOR
Oxford University Press
1984-04-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/119/4/651a
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Copyright (C) 1984, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:119/4/651b1984-04-01HighWireOUPamjepid:119:4
Re: "Impact of viral respiratory diseases on infants and young children in a rural and urban area of southern West Virginia"
Doege, TC
LETTERS TO THE EDITOR
Oxford University Press
1984-04-01 00:00:00.0
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/119/4/651b
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Copyright (C) 1984, Oxford University Press