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oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:120/2/1692015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:120:2
NONENZYMATIC GLYCOSYLATION OF PROTEINS--A NEW TOOL FOR ASSESSMENT OF CUMULATIVE HYPERGLYCEMIA IN EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDIES, PAST AND FUTURE
DUNCAN, BRUCE B.
HEISS, GERARDO
REVIEWS AND COMMENTARY
Oxford University Press
1984-08-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/120/2/169
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Copyright (C) 1984, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:120/2/1902015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:120:2
THE USE OF EPIDEMIOLOGIC DATA IN THE COURTS
HOFFMAN, RICHARD E.
REVIEWS AND COMMENTARY
Oxford University Press
1984-08-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/120/2/190
en
Copyright (C) 1984, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:120/2/2032015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:120:2
TEACHING EPIDEMIOLOGY IN MEDICAL SCHOOLS: A WORKABLE MODEL
GRUFFERMAN, SEYMOUR
KIMM, SUE Y. S.
MAILE, MARLA C.
REVIEWS AND COMMENTARY
Oxford University Press
1984-08-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/120/2/203
en
Copyright (C) 1984, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:120/2/2102015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:120:2
CORONARY RISK FACTORS AND EXERCISE TEST PERFORMANCE IN ASYMPTOMATIC HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIC MEN: APPLICATION OF PROPORTIONAL HAZARDS ANALYSIS
GORDON, DAVID J.
PROBSTFIELD, JEFFREY L.
RUBENSTEIN, CARL
BREMNER, W. FRASER
LEON, ARTHUR S.
KARON, JOHN M.
THIRD, JANE
BRYAN, HOPE
SCHWARTZ, LEONARD
INSULL, WILLIAM
SHEFIELD, L. THOMAS
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS
The association of established coronary risk factors with submaximal graded treadmill exercise test performance was examined in 6,850 asymptomatic, white 347–59-year-old hypercholesterolemic men screened between 1973 and 1976 at 12 North American Lipid Research Clinics for participation in their Coronary Primary Prevention Trial. The prevalence of ischemic electrocardiographic responses (ij mm S-T segment depression) was 8.6%. The Cox proportional hazards method was adapted so as to take into account the level of exercise at which ischemic responses occurred and to which subjects without ischemic responses were exposed. The results were compared with those obtained by standard logistic regression. In both models, age, blood pressure, plasma cholesterol, and (inversely) plasma high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and alcohol consumption were significant independent predictors of an ischemic response to exercise. Surprisingly, ischemic responses were <it>less</it> frequent in smokers than in nonsmokers. However, when the proportional hazards method was used, cigarette smoking was weakly but significantly (<it>p</it> < 0.01) predictive of an ischemic response on the treadmill. Results from this model differed from those of the logistic model because the former takes into account the reduced exercise capacity of smokers, which renders them less likely to reach workloads sufficient to induce myocardial ischemia. The proportional hazards model similarly demonstrated a possible beneficial effect of habitual physical activity which was not apparent in the logistic model. Quetelet index and plasma triglyceride were only weakly associated with the probability of an ischemic response, and did not contribute significantly to either model.
Oxford University Press
1984-08-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/120/2/210
en
Copyright (C) 1984, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:120/2/2252015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:120:2
TRENDS IN CORONARY HEART DISEASE EVENT RATES IN NEW ZEALAND
BEAGLEHOLE, ROBERT
BONITA, RUTH
JACKSON, RODNEY
STEWART, ALISTAIR
SHARPE, NORMAN
FRASER, GARY E.
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS
To examine the reasons for the recent decline in coronary heart disease death rates in New Zealand, a register of definite myocardial infarction and sudden death was established in the Auckland region (1981 population 829,464). Both routine and nonroutine case finding sources were used and event rates for the 12 months from March 1, 1981, were compared with estimates from an earlier study conducted in 1974. In 1981, 1,093 myocardlal infarction and/or sudden death events in people 25–69 years of age were registered. The age standardized event rates for the total of myocardlal infarction and sudden death were 506/100,000 and 139/100,000 for men and women, respectively. Over the seven-year period from 1974 there was no change in the event rate or 28-day case fatality of definite myocardial infarction, but a significant decline in the rate of sudden death occurred from 139/100,000 to 117/100,000. The decline in the sudden death rate was particularly marked in people under the age of 50 years and in subjects with a prior history of myocardial infarction.
Oxford University Press
1984-08-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/120/2/225
en
Copyright (C) 1984, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:120/2/2362015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:120:2
EVENT, INCIDENCE AND CASE FATALITY RATES OF CEREBROVASCULAR DISEASE IN AUCKLAND, NEW ZEALAND
BONITA, RUTH
BEAGLEHOLE, ROBERT
NORTH, J. D. K.
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS
Death rates for cerebrovascular disease (stroke) in New Zealand are declining. To investigate the reasons for this decline and to measure the impact of stroke on a defined popuiation, a register of new episodes of stroke was kept in the Auckland region for the year ending March 1982. All cases were followed for one year, with in-depth interviews at onset, one month and six months and a telephone follow-up at one year to establish dead or alive status. A total of 703 episodes were registered for 680 patients, 331 men and 349 women. The crude event rate for all those over 15 years was 228 and 220 per 100,000 for men and women, respectively. Age-adjusted event rates for all strokes were 28% higher for men than women and the age-adjusted event rates for Maoris were 44% higher than for non-Maoris. The case fatality rates were 23.1% at one week, 33.5% at one month, 43.5% at six months and 48.5% at one year. In comparison with other studies, case fatality rates are similar but the incidence rates appear to be lower.
Oxford University Press
1984-08-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/120/2/236
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Copyright (C) 1984, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:120/2/2442015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:120:2
DIET, OBESITY, AND RISK OF FATAL PROSTATE CANCER
SNOWDON, DAVID A.
PHILLIPS, RONALD L.
CHOI, WARREN
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS
Findings described in this report are for 6,763 white male Seventh-day Adventists who completed a dietary questionnaire in 1960. Between 1960 and 1980 mortality data were collected on cohort members. Overweight men had a significantly higher risk of fatal prostate cancer than men near their desirable weight. The predicted relative risk of fatal prostate cancer was 2.5 for overweight men. Suggestive positive associations were also seen between fatal prostate cancer and the consumption of milk, cheese, eggs, and meat. There was an orderly dose-response between each of the four animal products and risk. The predicted relative risk of fatal prostate cancer was 3.6 for those who heavily consumed all four animal products. The results of this study and others suggest that animal product consumption and obesity may be risk factors for fatal prostate cancer.
Oxford University Press
1984-08-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/120/2/244
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Copyright (C) 1984, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:120/2/2512015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:120:2
PYLORIC STENOSIS AND MATERNAL BENDECTIN EXPOSURE
ASELTON, PAMELA
JICK, HERSHEL
CHENTOW, STEPHEN J.
PERERA, DAVID R.
HUNTER, JUDITH R.
ROTHMAN, KENNETH J.
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS
As part of a long-term follow-up of structural disorders present at birth or shortly thereafter in infants born at Group Health Cooperative of Puget Sound, all infants with a diagnosis of pyloric stenosis born between July 1, 1977 and June 30, 1982, were identified. Automated pharmacy profiles were examined to determine whether an association between maternal Bendectin use in the first trimester and infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis existed. Among the 3,835 women exposed to Bendectin while pregnant, in this group of 13,346 births, 13 had infants who developed pyloric stenosis, and among the 9,511 women not exposed, 13 had infants who developed pyloric stenosis, resulting in a risk ratio estimate of 2.5 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.2–5.2). When mothers were divided according to the number of prescriptions for Bendectin filled, the relative risk estimate increased from 1.2 (95% CI 0.4–4.4) in women who filled only one prescription to 7.6 (95% CI 4.9–11.6) in women who filled five or more prescriptions for Bendectin during their pregnancy.
Oxford University Press
1984-08-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/120/2/251
en
Copyright (C) 1984, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:120/2/2572015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:120:2
TRENDS OF LUNG CANCER MORTALITY IN ITALY IN RELATION TO CONSUMPTION OF TOBACCO PRODUCTS
MASTRANDREA, VITO
LA ROSA, FRANCESCO
CRESCI, ALBERTO
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS
This paper examines changes with time of mortality from lung cancer in Italy during the years 1950–1979 in relation to changes in smoking habits since 1900. In both sexes and for all ages mortality rose throughout this period, although for women the rates and the relative Increases per year have been consistently much lower than for men. Between 1950–1952 and 1977–1979 the age-adjusted death rate per 100,000 men rose almost five times (from 10.01 to 49.55) whereas that for women only doubled (from 2.65 to 5.74), so that the male/female ratio increased from 3.78 to 8.65. In men successive cohorts show an increase of age-specific death rate, but there are indications that for men born after 1925 the mortality rate is beginning to level oft. In women over 50 years of age mortality continues to rise, but below this age it tends to level off and decline. Analysis of the consumption of different types of tobacco products since 1900 suggests that the trends of mortality with time in different birth cohorts are explicable in terms of changes of use of cigarettes.
Oxford University Press
1984-08-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/120/2/257
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Copyright (C) 1984, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:120/2/2652015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:120:2
MAJOR DETERMINANTS OF PREMATURE MORTALITY IN MIDDLE-AGED URBAN MALES: ALCOHOL-RELATED DEATHS AND DEGREE OF PARTICIPATION IN A PREVENTIVE POPULATION PROGRAM AGAINST ALCOHOL AND ITS COMPLICATIONS
PETERSSON, BO
TRELL, ERIK
KRANTZ, PETER
HOOD, BERTIL
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS
The total, consecutive mortality in a population of 10,353 middle-aged males invited to participate in a preventive medical population program in Malmö was followed up 1.5–6.5 years, mean 4.5 years, after the time of invitation and analyzed in relation to participation or nonparticipation, forensic or in-hospital autopsy and possible intervention effects. The total mortality was twice as high in the nonparticipants as in the participants, and the death rate due to alcohol-related diseases was five times higher. There were no significant differences in other causes of death, including cancer and cardiovascular diseases. In the nonparticipants autopsied at the Forensic Department the proportion of alcohol-related deaths was 60.5%, compared with 10.0% in participants autopsied in hospital. A history of alcohol abuse was present in 45.2% of the total sample, and in 61.0% of the group autopsied at the Forensic Department. In participants with increased screening gamma-glutamyltransferase, mortality at 48–72 months' follow-up was lower in an intervention group in comparison with a control group matched for sex, age and gamma-glutamyltransferase. The results support findings that alcohol-related deaths, nonparticipation in a preventive population program, and intervention effects in a public health strategy against alcohol and its complications are major determinants of premature mortality in middle-aged urban males.
Oxford University Press
1984-08-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/120/2/265
en
Copyright (C) 1984, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:120/2/2732015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:120:2
ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES AND BENIGN BREAST DISEASE
HISLOP, T. G.
THRELFALL, W. J.
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS
In 1980 a questionnaire was mailed to 726 nurses who had previously entered a study of breast disease in the late 19408 and 1950s; 665 responded. Between the ages of 30 to 49 years, 137 reported detecting their first signs of benign breast disease and 76 reported receiving their first biopsy for these signs. Long-term oral contraceptive usage reduced the risk of developing signs of benign breast disease and the risk of biopsy for these signs. The potential bias due to the effect of prior benign breast disease on the prescribing practices for oral contraceptives was minimized by considering oral contraceptive usage prior to detecting the first signs of benign breast disease.
Oxford University Press
1984-08-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/120/2/273
en
Copyright (C) 1984, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:120/2/2812015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:120:2
THE RELIABILITY OF QUESTIONNAIRE-DERIVED HISTORICAL DIETARY INFORMATION AND TEMPORAL STABILITY OF FOOD HABITS IN INDIVIDUALS
JENSEN, O. MØLLER
WAHRENDORF, J.
ROSENQVIST, A.
GESER, A.
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS
Thirty-four males and 45 females who participated in household surveys 15 or 25 years earlier in rural Denmark were interviewed in 1982 about present and past food habits. Comparison of the information from the survey and the two interviews indicates that recall of past diet is strongly influenced by present dietary habits. As the relative classification of individuals according to their food habits appears to have changed little over time, information on current diet, perhaps supplemented by information on particular changes, can provide useful classification of individuals for epidemiologic purposes.
Oxford University Press
1984-08-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/120/2/281
en
Copyright (C) 1984, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:120/2/2912015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:120:2
NONRESPONSE BIAS AND EARLY VERSUS ALL RESPONDERS IN MAIL AND TELEPHONE SURVEYS
SIEMIATYCKI, JACK
CAMPBELL, SALLY
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS
Mall and telephone survey methods, with or without follow-up by other methods, are cost-effectIve alternatives to the conventional home interview approach. However, It has long been thought that they are especially susceptible to nonresponse bias. The study addressed this issue in the context of parallel mall and telephone health surveys carried out in Montreal. The mall strategy among 1,555 adults achieved 68.5% response and follow-up by telephone and home interview increased response to 80.9%. Respondents were adequately representative of the entire sample with respect to socioeconomic status, number of adults in household, and ethnic distribution. The 68.5% initial stage respondents were similar to all respondents on the above variables as well as on age, sex, education and reported health status. Odds ratios of smoking and respiratory symptoms hardly differed between initial stage and all respondents. The telephone survey among 1,595 adults achieved 72.7% response and follow-up by mall and personal interview increased response to 88.27%. Comparisons between respondents and the entire sample and between initial stage respondents and all respondents gave similar results to those found in the mall strategy, although there was some change in a symptom-smoking odds ratIo from the initial stage respondents to all respondents. In both survey strategies, there was no evidence of substantial nonresponse bias and estimates of morbidity and health care would not have differed much if the fieldwork had stopped at the initial mail or telephone stage.
Oxford University Press
1984-08-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/120/2/291
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Copyright (C) 1984, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:120/2/3022015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:120:2
QUALITY OF RESPONSE IN DIFFERENT POPULATION GROUPS IN MAIL AND TELEPHONE SURVEYS
SIEMIATYCKI, JACK
CAMPBELL, SALLY
RICHARDSON, LESLEY
AUBERT, DENIS
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS
Mall and telephone survey methods, with follow-up by other methods, can provide high response rates. However, it is not clear whether different population groups provide responses of different quality, thus creating risk of biased comparisons. A closely related problem is whether proxy response adequately substitutes for self-response. This study addressed these issues in the context of parallel mail and telephone health surveys carried out in Montreal. In the telephone survey, proxy respondents provided lower estimates of morbidity and health care utilization than self-respondents; in the mail survey, there was no difference between proxy and self-response. Response validity was assessed by comparing reported physician visits with those recorded by the government-run universal health insurance plan. In general, mail responses were more valid than telephone responses. In both methods, there were suggestive but not persuasive differences in validity among sociodemographic subgroups. In both methods, those reporting illness or medication use had less underreporting of physician visits than those not reporting such things.
Oxford University Press
1984-08-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/120/2/302
en
Copyright (C) 1984, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:120/2/3152015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:120:2
MULTIVARIATE ANALYSES OF THE RISK OF INSULIN-DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS FOR SIBLINGS OF INSULIN-DEPENDENT DIABETIC PATIENTS
CAVENDER, DRUIE E.
WAGENER, DIANE K.
ORCHARD, TREVOR J.
LAPORTE, RONALD E.
BECKER, DOROTHY J.
KULLER, LEWIS H.
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS
Muitivarlate models for the risk of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus for siblings of patients with insulin-dependent diabetes were developed using logistic regression analysis. The individuals studied in this report are full siblings of the insulin-dependent diabetic patients diagnosed at Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh between 1964 and 1982. For all siblings considered together, the sharing of two (but not one) HLA haplotypes, the presence of insulin-dependent diabetes in a parent, and being relatively young at the time the proband in the family was diagnosed were significantly associated with increased risk. On the other hand, B7+ siblings had a significantly decreased risk compared to B7− siblings, indicating the presence of an HLA-linked protective gene for the development of the disease. There was a significant interaction between sharing two HLA haplotypee and maternal age at the time of birth; for non-HLA-identlcal siblings, risk increased with increased maternal age, but maternal age had little or no effect on the risk for HLA-identical siblings. When non-HLA-identical siblings (0 or 1 HLA hapiotypes shared) were analyzed separately, only the presence of insulin-dependent diabetes in one of the parents and increased maternal age at the time of birth of the sibling were found to be significantly associated with increased risk. Both of the totally non-HLA-ldentical diabetic siblings (neither HLA haplotype shared) in this data set had a parent with insulin-dependent diabetes, indicating that at least one HLA haplotype must be inherited in common with an affected family member for diabetes to develop. For HLA-identical siblings, the significant variables were the age of the sibling when the proband was diagnosed, the possession of B7, and maternal age at the time of birth of the sibling, and all three were negatively associated with risk.
Oxford University Press
1984-08-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/120/2/315
en
Copyright (C) 1984, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:120/2/3282015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:120:2
ESTIMATION OF RISKS WHEN VERIFICATION OF DISEASE STATUS IS OBTAINED IN A SELECTED GROUP OF SUBJECTS
Begg, Colin B.
LETTERS TO THE EDITOR
Oxford University Press
1984-08-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/120/2/328
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Copyright (C) 1984, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:120/2/3292015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:120:2
THE AUTHOR REPLIES
Green, Manfred S
LETTERS TO THE EDITOR
Oxford University Press
1984-08-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/120/2/329
en
Copyright (C) 1984, Oxford University Press