2024-03-28T15:19:10Zhttp://open-archive.highwire.org/handler
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:129/2/2332015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:129:2
AGREEMENT BETWEEN QUESTIONNAIRE DATA AND MEDICAL RECORDS: THE EVIDENCE FOR ACCURACY OF RECALL
HARLOW, SIOBÁN D.
LINET, MARTHA S.
REVIEWS AND COMMENTARY
Oxford University Press
1989-02-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/129/2/233
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Copyright (C) 1989, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:129/2/2492015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:129:2
PLASMA TRIGLYCERIDE AS A RISK FACTOR FOR CORONARY HEART DISEASE: THE EPIDEMIOLOGIC EVIDENCE AND BEYOND
AUSTIN, MELISSA A.
REVIEWS AND COMMENTARY
Oxford University Press
1989-02-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/129/2/249
en
Copyright (C) 1989, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:129/2/2602015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:129:2
BODY WEIGHT AND PROGNOSTIC INDICATORS IN BREAST CANCER: MODIFYING EFFECT OF ESTROGEN RECEPTORS
VERREAULT, RENÉ
BRISSON, JACQUES
DESCHÊNES, LUC
NAUD, FRANCOISE;
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS
The relations of body weight, height, and Quetelet index to axillary node involvement at diagnosis, estrogen receptor status, and histologic features of the primary tumor were examined In 656 patients with a newly diagnosed infiltrating breast carcinoma first treated in Qu�bec City from July 1982 to December 1984. Node Involvement increased with body weight and Quetelet index. This association was more regular and much stronger among patients with estrogen receptor-positive tumors than among those with estrogen receptor-negative breast cancers. Among patients with estrogen receptor-positive tumors, the percentage with involved nodes at diagnosis increased regularly from 32.9% among lean patients (Quetelet Index <21 kg/m2 to 65.6% among obese women (Quetetot index > 27 kg/m2 This trend was seen even after adjustment for age and tumor size. In contrast, among patients with estrogen receptor-negative breast cancers, the associations of weight and Quetelet index with node involvement were weak and Irregular. The modifying effect of estrogen receptor status on the relation of obesity to node involvement was apparent in pre- and post- menopausal women. Body weight and Quetelet index were not related to estrogen receptor status or to any of the measured histologic features of breast tumors including nuclear grade, histologic grade, tubule formation, mitotic activity, and size of nucleus of cancer cells. These findings suggest that the observed deleterious effect of obesity on breast cancer prognosis is unlikely to be an artifact of delayed diagnosis in overweight patients. It may be due to hormonal changes associated with increases in body weight
Oxford University Press
1989-02-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/129/2/260
en
Copyright (C) 1989, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:129/2/2692015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:129:2
BREAST CANCER BEFORE AGE 45 AND ORAL CONTRACEPTIVE USE: NEW FINDINGS
MILLER, DONALD R.
ROSENBERG, LYNN
KAUFMAN, DAVID W.
STOLLEY, PAUL
WARSHAUER, M. ELLEN
SHAPIRO, SAMUEL
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS
The relation between the risk of breast cancer before 45 years of age and oral contraceptive use was examined In a case-control study conducted in New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, and Boston from 1983 to 1986 of 407 patients with breast cancer and 424 controls. With allowance for confounding, for ever use, the multivariate relative risk estimate was 2.0(95% confidence interval (Cl), 1.4–2.9). For less than 10 years of use, the estimate approximated 2.0 in all categories of duration, including less than three months; for 10 or more years of use it was 4.1 (95% Cl, 1.8–9.3). The association was apparent in virtually all subgroups examined, including younger and older women, and women at low and high underlying risk of breast cancer. Contrary to some previous reports, the association was not stronger for use before a first term pregnancy or at an early age. The results suggest that oral contraceptive users, particularly those with very long durations of use, may be at increased risk of breast cancer. However, information bias, particularly for short-term use, could not be ruled out There may also have been selection bias if oral contraceptive users were under more intensive medical surveillance. It has not been possible to reconcile the findings of the various studies to date, including the authors' earlier results showing no association. The latter results were derived from data collected using methods almost identical to those used in the present study.
Oxford University Press
1989-02-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/129/2/269
en
Copyright (C) 1989, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:129/2/2812015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:129:2
HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL LEVELS AMONG US ADULTS BY SELECTED DEMOGRAPHIC AND SOCIOECONOMIC VARIABLES: THE SECOND NATIONAL HEALTH AND NUTRITION EXAMINATION SURVEY 1976-1980
LINN, SHAI
FULWOOD, ROBINSON
RIFKIND, BASIL
CARROLL, MARGARET
MUESING, RICHARD
WILLIAMS, O. DALE
JOHNSON, CLIFFORD
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS
The distribution of serum high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL cholesterol) levels was determined on a nationally representative sample of 9,625 adults aged 20–74 years, as part of the Second National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1976–1980 (NHANES II). Mean HDL cholesterol levels were higher in women compared with men (an age-adjusted difference of 8.9 mg/dl for whites and 4.4 mg–dl for blacks). HDL cholesterol levels were higher in blacks compared with whites (an age-adjusted difference of 7.4 mg/dl for men and 2.8 mg/dl for women). All differences were statistically significant (<it>p</it><0.01). These relations remained after stratification by age, income, poverty index, education, body mass index, alcohol consumption, cigarette smoking, and physical activity For whites, HDL cholesterol levels were highest In the highest category of earnings, whereas blacks generally had lower levels of HDL cholesterol with increased earnings. In a multivartate model, important predictors of higher HDL cholesterol levels were being female, being black, and reporting a higher frequency of alcohol consumption. Loss strongly related were age, years of education, and reported high physical activity. Smoking and body mass index were strongly negatively related to HDL cholesterol levels. The findings in this national study support previous findings in selected populations in the United States
Oxford University Press
1989-02-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/129/2/281
en
Copyright (C) 1989, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:129/2/2952015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:129:2
METHODS AND PREVALENCE OF NON-INSULIN-DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS IN A BIETHNIC COLORADO POPULATION: THE SAN LUIS VALLEY DIABETES STUDY
HAMMAN, RICHARD F.
MARSHALL, JULIE A.
BAXTER, JUDITH
KAHN, LOUISE B.
MAYER, ELIZABETH J.
ORLEANS, MIRIAM
MURPHY, JAMES R.
LEZOTT, DENNIS C.
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS
The San Luis Valley Diabetes Study was undertaken to determine the prevalence, risk factors, and complications of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in Hispanics and Anglos (non-Hispanic whites), using a geographically based case-control design. The study was conducted in two southern Colorado counties that include 43.6% Hispanic and 54.9% Anglo persons. Medical practice records were reviewed to identify medically diagnosed diabetics. Controls without diabetes were identified by a two-stage random sample of households. Diabetics (<it>n</it> = 343) and controls (<it>n</it> = 607) attended a clinic where an oral glucose tolerance test or current hypoglycemic therapy confirmed or diagnosed non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. The age-adjusted prevalence of confirmed non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus was 21/1,000 in Anglo males and 44/1,000 in Hispanic males, accounting for non-response. For Anglo females, the prevalence was 13/1,000 compared with 62/1,000 for Hispanic females, accounting for nonresponse. Previously undiagnosed non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus was also higher among Hispanics. There was a 2.1-fold excess of confirmed non insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus among Hispanic males and a 4.8-fold excess among Hispanic females, consistent with the excess non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus among Hispanics reported from comparable studies. Non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus is a major chronic disease problem for persons of Hispanic ethnicity
Oxford University Press
1989-02-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/129/2/295
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Copyright (C) 1989, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:129/2/3122015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:129:2
LARGE FLUCTUATIONS IN BODY WEIGHT DURING YOUNG ADULTHOOD AND TWENTY-FWE-YEAR RISK OF CORONARY DEATH IN MEN
HAMM, PEGGY
SHEKELLE, RICHARD B.
STAMLER, JEREMIAH
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS
The hypothesis that large fluctuations in weight during young adulthood are associated with increased risk of coronary heart disease was investigated by comparing the 25-year mortality of three groups of middle-aged men with distinctly different patterns of self-reported weight during young adulthood: 98 men who reported large gains and large losses, 133 who reported large gains and no losses, and 178 who reported no substantial change in weight They were selected from a cohort of 2,107 men aged 40–56 years who participated in the Western Electric Study from 1957 through 1983. The 25-year crude risk of coronary death was 26% In the “gain and loss” group, 15% In the “gain only” group, 14% In the “no change” group, and 17% in the remaining 1,550 men. After adjusiment for age and major coronary risk factors, the relative risk of coronary death in the gain and loss group as compared with the no change group was 2.0 (95% confidence interval 1.2–3.5). Risk of death from cancer was highest in the gain only group, and risk of death from all causes combined was lowest in the no change group. These results support the concept that large changes in weight during young adulthood increase the risk of coronary disease and of cancer
Oxford University Press
1989-02-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/129/2/312
en
Copyright (C) 1989, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:129/2/3192015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:129:2
RHINOVIRUS INFECTIONS IN AN ISOLATED ANTARCTIC STATION TRANSMISSION OF THE VIRUSES AND SUSCEPTIBILITY OF THE POPULATION
WARSHAUER, DAVID M.
DICK, ELLIOT C.
MANDEL, ADRIAN D.
FLYNN, TIMOTHY C.
JERDE, RICHARD S.
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS
It is commonly believed that living in polar isolation causes high susceptibility to respiratory illness. At McMurdo Station, a US research base in Antarctica, we tested this belief by comparing, over 36 days (August 31–October 5, 1976), the incidence and severity of respiratory illness in 64 men finishing six months isolation and in 136 men just arrived from the United States. The colds in the two intermingled populations were essentially equivalent Forty-three per cent of the newcomers and 39% of the wintering group reported colds; symptoms and duration were nearly identical between the two populations. Movement of the colds was slow. The newcomers brought in 31 colds; subsequently, only 52 evenly spaced illnesses arose. Incidence of respiratory illness was twice higher in the smaller living units than in the spacious main dormitory. Two nontypable rhinoviruses, McMurdo 4 and McMurdo 88, were brought in by the new population and were the only viruses isolated. Only McMurdo 88 spread, although more than 85% of the men were antibody-free (<1:3) to either agent McMurdo 88 caused an estimated 60% of antarctic-contracted colds. In brief, this isolated polar group was not especially susceptible to respiratory illness, and virus movement through the group was deliberate
Oxford University Press
1989-02-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/129/2/319
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Copyright (C) 1989, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:129/2/3412015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:129:2
AN OUTBREAK OF INFLUENZA A/TAIWAN/1/86 (H1N1) INFECTIONS AT A NAVAL BASE AND ITS ASSOCIATION WITH AIRPLANE TRAVEL
KLONTZ, KARL C.
HYNES, NOREEN A.
GUNN, ROBERT A.
WILDER, MICHAEL H.
HARMON, MAURICE W.
KENDAL, ALAN P.
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS
In late October 1986, an outbreak of Influenza-like illness was detected at the Naval Air Station in Key West. Florida. Between October 10 and November 7, 1986, 60 active duty personnel reported experiencing a respiratory illness charactenzed by fever, cough, sore throat, and myalgla. Influenza A/Taiwan/1/86 (H1N1) virus was recovered from three symptomatic patients. Forty-one (68%) of 60 case-patients belonged to a 114-person squadron that had traveled to Puerto Rico for a temporary assignment from October 17–28, 1986. Among squadron members, the attack rate for persons previously vaccinated with the 1986–1987 trivalent influenza vaccine and for those unvaccinated was the same (37%). Transααααααmission of infection among squadron personnel appeared to have commenced in Key West and continued in a barracks in Puerto Rico and aboard two DC-9 aircraft that transported the squadron back to Key West on October 28. There was no evidence that the outbreak spread to the surrounding civllian communities in Puerto Rico or Key West This was the first reported outbreak of respiratory illness due to influenza A/Talwan/1/86 (H1N1) in the continental United States in the 1986–1987 influenza season.
Oxford University Press
1989-02-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/129/2/341
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Copyright (C) 1989, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:129/2/3492015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:129:2
CONGENITAL RUBELLA SYNDROME IN THE UNITED STATES, 1970-1985: ON THE VERGE OF ELIMINATION
COCHI, STEPHEN L.
EDMONDS, LARRY E.
DYER, KAREN
GREAVES, WAYNE L.
MARKS, JAMES S.
ROVIRA, ELIZABETH Z.
PREBLUD, STEPHEN R.
ORENSTEIN, WALTER A.
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS
The National Congenital Rubella Syndrome Registry, a passive surveillance system, and the Birth Defects Monitoring Program, a newborn hospital discharge data set, are used to monitor the incidence of congenital rubella syndrome in the United States. Reports to the registry contain clinical and laboratory data which allow cases to be classified into six categories according to the likelihood of having congenital rubella syndrome. The monitoring program records newborn discharge diagnoses, without detailed information, of a nonrandom sample of about one fourth of the births in the United States annually. To evaluate the two systems and to estimate the actual incidence of congenital rubella syndrome, the authors collected hospital discharge summaries on all cases as reported by the monitoring program from 1970–1985 and classified them by the registry criteria. Of the 392 cases reported to the monitoring program during 1970–1985, 24% (n = 93) could be classified as confirmed or compatible compared with 79% (n = 415) of the 526 cases reported to the registry (rate ratio = 3.3; 95% confidence interval (Cl) 2.9–3.8). Diagnosis of congenital rubella syndrome was made during the neonatal period for 68% (263 of 389) registry cases for whom such data were available. When the Lincoln-Peterson capture-recapture method of estimating population size for independent surveillance systems was used, an estimated 1,064 confirmed and compatible cases (95% Cl 668–1,460) diagnosed during the neonatal period occurred during 1970–1979, for an average of 106 cases per year. During 1980–1985, an estimate of 122 neonatal confirmed and compatible cases (95% Cl 8–236) occurred, for an average of 20 cases per year. A downward secular trend in the incidence of congenital rubella syndrome beginning in 1980 was observed. The registry detected 22% of all neonatal confirmed and compatible cases, the monitoring program detected 8%, and the two systems combined detected a total of 28%. The results indicate that congenital rubella syndrome may be on the verge of elimination in the United States
Oxford University Press
1989-02-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/129/2/349
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Copyright (C) 1989, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:129/2/3622015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:129:2
AN OUTBREAK OF TUBERCULOSIS IN RURAL DELAWARE
GROSS, THOMAS P.
SILVERMAN, PAUL R.
BLOCH, ALAN B.
SMITH, THOMAS Y.
ROGERS, GEORGE W.
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS
A total of 35 patients diagnosed with tuberculosis in 1976–1984 were identified as part of a sustained outbreak involving five communities located in southern Delaware. The index case, a 25-year-old black female with sputum smearpositive, cavitary pulmonary tuberculosis, was a sexual partner of three other persons with cavitary pulmonary tuberculosis and a close contact of 10 other persons with tuberculosis. The median age of the 35 patients was 23 years (range 15 months to 77 years), and 13 (37%) were less than 15 years of age. Sixteen patients (46%) were male, and 34 (97%) were black. Pulmonary parenchymal disease was noted in 18 cases (51%), including nine (26%) with cavitary lesions; 11 (31%) had lymphatic disease (hilar and/or mediastinal); five (14%) had pleural disease; and one (3%) had a normal chest radiograph. Infection prevalence (per 100 tested) was 44.7 for close contacts of cases and 18.3 for other than close contacts, and disease prevalence (per 100 tested) was 8.9 and 1.4 for those two groups, respectively. This outbreak highlights several points: Outbreaks of tuberculosis may go undetected for several years; aggressive and complete surveillance and containment efforts are needed to control tuberculosis; and tuberculosis in children and minorities is still a problem in the United States
Oxford University Press
1989-02-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/129/2/362
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Copyright (C) 1989, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:129/2/3722015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:129:2
BACTERIURIA IN PREGNANCY: FREQUENCY AND RISK OF ACQUISITION
STENQVIST, K.
DAHLÉN-NILSSON, I.
LIDIN-JANSON, G.
LINCOLN, K.
ODÉN, A.
RIGNELL, S.
SVANBORG-EDÉN, C.
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS
A total of 3,254 pregnant women attending two antenatal clinics in G�teborg, Sweden, were screened for bacteriurla. The coverage of the pregnant population In the areas served by the two clinics was estimated to be 88%. Of the women who were registered at the two clinics, 99% took part In at least one screening; 71% were screened during each of the three intervals. The high frequency of screening of the women made it possible to estimate the risk of acquiring bacterluria during pregnancy. This risk increased with the duration of pregnancy from 0.8% of bacteriuric women in the 12th gestatlonal week to 1.93% at the end of pregnancy. The risk of onset of bacterluria was highest between the ninth and 17th gestational weeks. The 16th gestational week was the optimal time for a single screening for bacteriuria calculated as the number of bactenuria-free gestational weeks gained by treatment.
Oxford University Press
1989-02-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/129/2/372
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Copyright (C) 1989, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:129/2/3802015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:129:2
FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH PAST HOUSEHOLD EXPOSURE TO TOBACCO SMOKE
SANDLER, DALE P.
HELSING, KNUD J.
COMSTOCK, GEORGE W.
SHORE, DAVID L.
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS
With data that were obtained in a private census in Washington County, Maryland, in 1963, the prevalence of household exposure to tobacco smoke was determined, and factors associated with passive smoke exposure were identified among 48,342 white adults. In 1963, 52% of men and 72% of women were exposed to smoke from others at home. Smokers of both sexes were more likely to live with other smokers than were nonsmokers. However, 30% of men who never smoked and 64% of women who never smoked lived with smokers. Marriage was a primary determinant of exposure for women but not for men, with 75% of married women who did not smoke exposed but only 38% of unmarried women who did not smoke exposed. Conversely, among men who did not smoke, exposure was more common among those who were not married than among those who were married. After control for other factors associated with exposure, exposure prevalence increased with years of school among men who did not smoke but decreased with years of school among women who did not smoke. Exposure prevalence also varied slightly with housing quality and location of residence. Smoking by spouse was an accurate reflection of household exposure for women but not for men; 88% of the exposure among women who did not smoke was contributed by the spouse, whereas only 62% of exposure among men who did not smoke was from the spouse
Oxford University Press
1989-02-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/129/2/380
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Copyright (C) 1989, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:129/2/3882015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:129:2
PAPANICOLAOU TEST COVERAGE WITHOUT A CYTOLOGY REGISTRY
COHEN, MARSHA M.
HAMMARSTRAND, KAREN M.
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS
Because of problems in following women over time, it is difficult to assess the degree of Papanicolaou test coverage among the general population. In a region with no cytology register or recall system, the authors used data from Manitoba's universal health Insurance plan to determine the actual number of women tested and the number of tests per woman from 1970 to 1984 inclusive. By cross-sectional analysis, the proportion screened annually was found to be highest for women aged 25–34 years (50–57%) and decreased with increasing age. The proportion screened annually for women over 25 remained essentially unchanged over the 15 years (34–39%). From a probability sample of women aged 35–64 years (n=17,711), it was found that 91% had at least one test and 78% had three or more tests over 15 years. Untested women tended to be single, older, and from rural or remote areas. To assess multiple testing, the authors used the cross-sectional data to determine the number of women with two or more tests per year. About 4% of women had two or more tests annually, and 60% of these were accompanied by a diagnosis suggestive of an abnormal gynecologic condition. On the basis of published recommended schedules for Papanicolaou testing, the authors conclude that the widespread testing in Manitoba shows that the voluntary system has been working fairly well. High rates of coverage were achieved but with a degree of overtesting for some women.
Oxford University Press
1989-02-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/129/2/388
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Copyright (C) 1989, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:129/2/3952015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:129:2
THE RELATION OF POLYCHLORLNATED BIPHENYLS TO BIRTH WEIGHT AND GESTATIONAL AGE IN THE OFFSPRING OF OCCUPATIONALLY EXPOSED MOTHERS
TAYLOR, PHILIP R.
STELMA, JEANETTE M.
LAWRENCE, CHARLES E.
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS
The authors studied the relation of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) to birth weight and gestational age among the live offspring of women occupationally exposed to PCBs during the manufacture of capacitors in Upstate New York. Interviews were conducted in 1982 with 200 women who had held jobs with direct exposure and 205 women who had never held a direct-exposure job in order to ascertain information on reproductive history and other factors influencing reproductive outcome. Exposure was assessed as high-homolog PCB (Aroclor 1254), a continuous exposure variable estimated from an independently derived prediction model. After adjustment for variables other than gestational age known to influence birth weight, a significant effect of high-homolog exposure is seen for birth weight (slope of the regression <it>β</it>=−33 g/unit change in natural logarithm (In) estimated serum PCB; 90% confidence interval (Cl) −59 to −7; <it>P</it><inf>(1)</inf>=0.02). For gestational age, a small but significant decrease is also observed with an increase in estimated exposure (<it>β</it>=−1.1 days/unit change in in estimated serum PCB; 90% Cl −2.0 to −0.1; <it>P</it><inf>(l)</inf>=0.03). When gestational age is accounted for in addition to other variables related to birth weight, estimated serum PCB is no longer a significant predictor of birth weight (<it>β</it>=−24 g/unit change in estimated serum PCB; 90% Cl−49 to 2; <it>P</it><inf>(1)</inf>=0.06). The authors conclude that these data indicate that there is a significant relation between increased estimated serum PCB level and decreased birth weight and gestational age, and that the decrease in birth weight is at least partially related to shortened gestational age. The magnitude of these effects was quite small compared with those of other known determinants of gestational age and birth weight, and the biologic importance of these effects is likely to be negligible except among already low birth weight or short gestation infants.
Oxford University Press
1989-02-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/129/2/395
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Copyright (C) 1989, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:129/2/4072015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:129:2
SELECTION OF NEIGHBORHOOD CONTROLS FOR A STUDY OF CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE
JACQUELINE, E. RYU
THOMPSON, CORLEEN J.
CROUSE, JOHN R
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS
This report describes the selection process for a neighborhood control group recruited between February 1985 and July 1986 to augment a hospital-based case-control study investigating the relation of traditional and nontraditional risk factors to coronary artery atherosclerosis. A total of 219 cases with anglographically defined coronary artery disease residing within a 60-mi (96-km) radius of Winston-Salem, NC, were assigned to surveyors to be matched. Thirty-seven per cent of the study population were rural, 92% were white, 58% were male, and 52% were older than 50 years of age. One hundred and eighty-seven controls were age- (� five years), sex-, and race-matched pairwise to cases. After locating the residence of the case, the surveyor systematically visited neighboring house holds to ascertain eligibility status of residents. To achieve a match, a maximum of three visits was made to the neighborhood; up to 25 households were surveyed per visit. Refusal rate was less than 5% of eligible matches. Young white urban males were the easiest to match, while rural females, especially older persons, were the most difficult. Average time to complete an assignment included 129 minutes for travel, 237 minutes for surveying the neighborhood, and 62 minutes for clerical tasks. Average distance traveled was 85 ml (136 km) per case. As expected, the time and distance to complete a case were greater in rural than urban areas. The average cost per case was $122.97
Oxford University Press
1989-02-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/129/2/407
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Copyright (C) 1989, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:129/2/4152015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:129:2
REPORTING ACCURACY AMONG MOTHERS OF MALFORMED AND NONMALFORMIED INFANTS
WERLER, MARTHA M.
POBER, BARBARA R.
NELSON, KATHRYN
HOLMES, LEWIS B.
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS
The potential for recall bias in case-control studies is a common concern. The authors assessed whether recall bias was present in exposure information reported at postpartum interview by mothers of malformed and nonmalformed infants who delivered at Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, during 1984. Accuracy of exposure reporting was measured by comparing interview data with exposure Information documented during pregnancy in obstetric records. The authors' measure of recall bias, relative sensitivity (RS), is the ratio of exposure- reporting accuracy for mothers of malformed infants to that of mothers of nonmalformed infants. Relative sensitivity estimates that are greater than 1.0 indicate that mothers of malformed infants are more accurate reporters than mothers of nonmalformed infants. Relative sensitivity was estimated for eight exposure factors: antibiotic or antifungal drug use (RS=1.2), urinary tract or yeast infection (RS=2.7), history of infertilIty (RS=1.4), use of birth control after conception (RS=7.6), elective abortion history (RS=1.1), any over-the-counter drug use (RS=1.0), spotting or bleeding (RS=1.2), and nausea or vomiting (RS=0.8). These data suggest the presence of recall bias for some exposure factors. The authors advise the use of malformed controls to reduce potential recall bias in case-control studies of selected malformations and many etiologic factors
Oxford University Press
1989-02-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/129/2/415
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Copyright (C) 1989, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:129/2/4222015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:129:2
A STUDY OF REPEATABILITY OF DIETARY DATA OVER A SEVEN-YEAR PERIOD
JAIN, M.
HOWE, G. R.
HARRISON, L.
MILLER, A. B.
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS
A repeatability study of dietary intake has been carried out using 94 control subjects from a previously reported case-control study of diet and colorectal cancer. Dietary histories readministered on average seven years after an initial interview were used to estimate intake of various macro- and microdietary components. Comparisons of current intake with intake of seven years previously yielded good reliability for macrocomponents among subjects reporting no dietary change during the time period. Reliability was poorer for microcomponents and for subjects reporting a dietary change. Comparisons were also made between diet measured seven years previously with subjects' recall of that diet. It is concluded that current diet is at least as reliable a measure of past diet as that assessed by a questionnaire addressed to the past period
Oxford University Press
1989-02-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/129/2/422
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Copyright (C) 1989, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:129/2/4302015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:129:2
ESTIMATING THE MORBIDITY RISK OF ILLNESS FROM SURVEY DATA
NEWMAN, STEPHEN C.
BLAND, ROGER C.
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS
A method is proposed for using survey data to estimate lower and upper bounds for the lifetime risk of an illness (morbidity risk). The mathematical model used, which is based on a three-state Markov process, assumes that the illness is irreversible, but allows differential mortality. The data required include information on age at onset collected from prevalent cases, and an estimate of the magnitude of differential mortality, which ordinarily must come from published research. The method is illustrated using data from a community survey of psychiatric illness conducted in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
Oxford University Press
1989-02-01 00:00:00.0
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/129/2/430
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Copyright (C) 1989, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:129/2/4392015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:129:2
A MICROCOMPUTER PROGRAM FOR MULTIPLE LOGISTIC REGRESSION BY UNCONDITIONAL AND CONDITIONAL MAXIMUM LIKELIHOOD METHODS
CAMPOS-FILHO, NELSON
FRANCO, EDUARDO L.
EPIDEMIOLOGIC PROGRAMS FOR COMPUTERS AND CALCULATORS
A frequent procedure in matched case-control studies is to report results from the multivarlate unmatched analyses if they do not differ substantially from the ones obtained after conditioning on the matching variables. Although conceptually simple, this rule requires that an extensive series of logistic regression models be evaluated by both the conditional and unconditional maximum likelihood methods. Most computer programs for logistic regression employ only one maximum likelihood method, which requires that the analyses be performed in separate steps. This paper describes a Pascal microcomputer (IBM PC) program that performs multiple logistic regression by both maximum likelihood estimation methods, which obviates the need for switching between programs to obtain relative risk estimates from both matched and unmatched analyses. The program calculates most standard statistics and allows factoring of categorical or continuous variables by two distinct methods of contrast A built-in, descriptive statistics option allows the user to inspect the distribution of cases and controls across categories of any given variable
Oxford University Press
1989-02-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/129/2/439
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Copyright (C) 1989, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:129/2/4452015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:129:2
A DIETARY AND RISK FACTOR QUESTIONNAIRE AND ANALYSIS SYSTEM FOR PERSONAL COMPUTERS
SMUCKER, ROBERT
BLOCK, GLADYS
COYLE, LINDA
HARVIN, ANTONIO
KESSLER, LARRY
EPIDEMIOLOGIC PROGRAMS FOR COMPUTERS AND CALCULATORS
The authors report the adaptation of a dietary and risk factor questionnaire and analysis system for use with IBM (or compatible) personal computers. This system includes a flexible computer-assisted interview program which may be modified to suit investigator needs while preserving a standard output format it also includes a nutrient analysis program for calculation of usual dietary intake. Each of these two major components has its own set of utilities and options, so that investigators may tailor the system to particular research areas. The nature and capabilities of the two main programs are described, as well as the development of the underlying system and the general flow of data in the system
Oxford University Press
1989-02-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/129/2/445
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Copyright (C) 1989, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:129/2/450-a2015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:129:2
THE AUTHORS REPLY
Mills, Paul K.
Annegers, John F.
LETTERS TO THE EDITOR
Oxford University Press
1989-02-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/129/2/450-a
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Copyright (C) 1989, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:129/2/4502015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:129:2
RE: "ANIMAL PRODUCT CONSUMPTION AND SUBSEQUENT FATAL BREAST CANCER RISK AMONG SEVENTH-DAY ADVENTISTS"
Zevola, Susan A.
LETTERS TO THE EDITOR
Oxford University Press
1989-02-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/129/2/450
en
Copyright (C) 1989, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:129/2/451-a2015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:129:2
THE AUTHORS REPLY
Mamelle, Nicole
Munoz, Françoise
LETTERS TO THE EDITOR
Oxford University Press
1989-02-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/129/2/451-a
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Copyright (C) 1989, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:129/2/4512015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:129:2
RE: "OCCUPATIONAL WORKING CONDITIONS AND PRETERM BIRTH: A RELIABLE SCORING SYSTEM"
Punnett, Laura
Marbury, Marian
LETTERS TO THE EDITOR
Oxford University Press
1989-02-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/129/2/451
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Copyright (C) 1989, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:129/2/4522015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:129:2
RE: "EPIDEMIOLOGY OF RABIES VIRUS VARIANTS: DIFFERENTIATION USING MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES AND DISCRIMINANT ANALYSIS"
Lanska, Douglas J.
LETTERS TO THE EDITOR
Oxford University Press
1989-02-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/129/2/452
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Copyright (C) 1989, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:129/2/4532015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:129:2
RE: "EVALUATION OF TWO FOOD FREQUENCY METHODS OF MEASURING DIETARY CALCIUM INTAKE"
Altman, Douglas G.
LETTERS TO THE EDITOR
Oxford University Press
1989-02-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/129/2/453
en
Copyright (C) 1989, Oxford University Press