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oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:129/4/6432015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:129:4
EXPOSURE TO TELEVISION AS A RISK FACTOR FOR VIOLENCE
CENTERWALL, BRANDON S.
REVIEWS AND COMMENTARY
Oxford University Press
1989-04-01 00:00:00.0
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/129/4/643
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AN UNJUSTIFIED ATTACK ON "INCIDENCE?"
MARTIN, CRAIG A.
JAMROZIX, KONRAD
ARMSTRONG, BRUCE K.
DE KLERK, NICHOLAS H.
ENGLISH, DALLAS R.
HOBBS, MICHAEL S. T.
REVIEWS AND COMMENTARY
Oxford University Press
1989-04-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/129/4/653
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Copyright (C) 1989, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:129/4/6552015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:129:4
TRENDS IN THE INCIDENCE OF MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION IN WESTERN AUSTRALIA BETWEEN 1971 AND 1982
MARTIN, CRAIG A.
HOBBS, MICHAEL S. T.
ARMSTRONG, BRUCE K.
DE KLERK, NICHOLAS H.
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS
Trends in the incidence of and mortality from myocardial infarction in Perth, Western Australia, were studied for the penod 1971 to 1982. The estimated age- adjusted incidence rate of myocardlal infarction fell by 24% in males and 37% in females over this period. The rate fell in each of six age-sex groups, but the proportional decrease in those aged less than 45 years was nearly double that in those aged 45 years and over, as it was in females compared with males and in fatal cases compared with nonfatal cases. Over 80% of the decline in mortality was in deaths outside hospital. This and seven other comparable studies. allshowed a net decrease in the estimated incidence of myocardial infarction in both sexes, with median annual decreases of 2% in males and 3% in females. it is concluded that the decline in the incidence of myocardial infarction contributed substantially to the observed decrease in ischemic heart disease mortality, and that the most plausible explanation for the decline in incidence is a reduction in the prevalence of risk factors for myocardial infarction.
Oxford University Press
1989-04-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/129/4/655
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Copyright (C) 1989, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:129/4/6692015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:129:4
ROSE QUESTIONNAIRE ANGINA AMONG UNITED STATES BLACK, WHITE, AND MEXICAN-AMERICAN WOMEN AND MEN PREVALENCE AND CORRELATES FROM THE SECOND NATIONAL AND HISPANIC HEALTH AND NUTRITION EXAMINATION SURVEYS
LACROLX, ANDREA Z.
HAYNES, SUZANNE G.
SAVAGE, DANIEL D.
HAVLIK, RICHARD J.
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS
The prevalence of Rose Questionnaire angina and its association with coronary heart disease risk factors and manifestations were investigated in representative samples of the US population. The study populations included 1, 135 black and 8, 323 white subjects aged 25–74 years examined in the Second National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1976–1980, and 2, 775 Mexican-American subjects aged 25–74 years examined in the Hispanic Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, Mexican-American portion, 1982–1983. Age-adjusted prevalence rates of Rose angina were similar among black, white, and Mexican-American women (6.8%, 6.3%, and 5.4%, respectively). An excess in the prevalence of Rose angina was observed in women compared with men for white and Mexican-American persons under age 55 years, but not for those over age 55. Electrocardiographic evidence of myocardlal infarction and self-reported heart attack were strongly associated with prevalent Rose angina among white men and women aged 55 years and over, but not among those below age 55. Serum cholesterol, body mass index (weight (kg)/helght (m)2), current cigarette smoking, and dyspnea were independently associated with an increased risk of prevalent angina in multivarlate logistic models for white women, excluding those with a prior heart attack. Because many younger women with chest pain who may consult physicians are likely to have elevations in cardiovascular risk factors, their self- reported chest pain can be used as an opportunity to intervene and reduce their future risk of cardiovascular disease.
Oxford University Press
1989-04-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/129/4/669
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Copyright (C) 1989, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:129/4/6872015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:129:4
THE ATHEROSCLEROSIS RISK IN COMMUNIT (ARIC) STUI)Y: DESIGN AND OBJECTWES
THE ARIC INVESTIGATORS,
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS
Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) is a new prospective study to investigate the etiology of atherosclerosis and its clinical sequelae and variation in cardiovascular risk factors, medical care, and disease by race, sex, place, and time. in each of four US communities—Forsyth County, North Carolina, Jackson, Mississippi, suburbs of Minneapolis, Minnesota, and Washington County, Maryland—4, 000 adults aged 45–64 years will be examined twice, three years apart. ARIC has coordinating, ultrasound, pulmonary, and electrocardiographic centers and three central laboratories. Three cohorts represent the ethnic mix of their communities; the Jackson cohort, its black population. Examinations include ultrasound scanning of carotid and popliteal arteries; lipids, lipoprotelns, and apolipoproteins assayed in the Lipid Laboratory; and coagulation, inhibition, and platelet and fibrinolytic actmty assayed in the Hemostasis Laboratory. Surveil lance for coronary heart disease will involve review of hospitalizations and deaths among community residents aged 35–74 years. ARIC aims to study atheroscle rosis by direct observation of the disease and by use of modem biochemistry.
Oxford University Press
1989-04-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/129/4/687
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Copyright (C) 1989, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:129/4/7032015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:129:4
TAR CONTENT OF CIGARETTES IN RELATION TO LUNG CANCER
KAUFMAN, DAVID W.
PALMER, JULIE R.
ROSENBERG, LYNN
STOLLEY, PAUL
WARSHAUER, ELLEN
SHAPIRO, SAMUEL
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS
Although it is generally considered estabtiehed that the risk of lung cancer is directly related to the tar content of cigarettes, an examination of the results of previous studies does not yield conclusive evidence in favor of the hypothesis. The authors evaluated this issue in a study of 881 cases of lung cancer and 2, 570 hospital controls who wore 40 to 69 years of age; data were collected by interview in hospitals in the United States and Canada from November 1981 to June 1986. For each year of smoking, cigarette brands were classified according to their tar content as published in regular Federal Trade Commission reports (from 1967 to 1985) or the <it>Reader's Digest</it> (from 1957 to 1966). Tar values for years for which there was no published information were estimated by interpolation. Smokers were divided, according to the tar content of their cigarette brands averaged over a specified period, into low (<22 mg/cigarette), medium (22–28 mg/cigarette), and high (≥29 mg/cigarette) tar smokers. When the average tar content was based on cigarettes smoked at least 10 years previously, the relative risk estimates for medium and high tar smokers compared with law tar smokers were 3.0 and 4.0 after control for potentially confounding factors, including the number of cigarettes smoked per day. The trend was significant (p = 0.002). The tendency for the risk of lung cancer to Increase with increasing tar content was consistent among men and women. The results provide further support for the hypothesis that the tar content of cigarettes is directly related to lung cancer risk. However, the data were limIted in that there were very few subjects whose lifetime tar exposure averaged less than 10 mg/cigarette.
Oxford University Press
1989-04-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/129/4/703
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oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:129/4/7122015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:129:4
CANCER RISK AFTER EVALUATION FOR INFERTILITY
BRINTON, LOUISE A.
MELTON, L. JOSEPH
MALKASIAN, GEORGE D.
BOND, ANNELL
HOOVER, ROBERT
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS
To evaluate cancer risk by various causes of infertility, the authors conducted a retrospective cohort study among 2, 335 women evaluated for infertility at the Mayo Clinic between 1935 and 1964. Most cancers occurred at expected fre quencies, with the exception of cancers of the thyroid (standardized incidence ratio (SIR) = 2.6) and other endocrine glands (SIR = 6.7), although analyses were based on small numbers. Patients with progesterone deficIencies (31 per cent of the study subjects) had a 20 per cent higher cancer risk than did those with other causes of infertility, with excesses deriving primarily from cancers of the lung, cervix, ovary, and thyroid and from melanoma. Breast cancer risk, however, was not elevated in either patients with progesterone deficiencies (SIR = 0.9) or patients with other causes of infertility (SIR = 1.0). Examination of other pararn eters of infertility, including age at evaluation, type of infertity (primary vs. secondary), and years of attempted conception, showed no elevated risks of breast cancer in any subgroup. These results fail to support previous studies that have linked progesterone deficiencies among infertile women to elevated breast cancer risk. However, the data suggest a possible involvement of a progesterone deficiency In the etiology of other cancers, particularly thyroid cancer and mela noma.
Oxford University Press
1989-04-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/129/4/712
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oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:129/4/7232015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:129:4
CLUSTERING OF PREMATURE MORTALITY IN 1, 761 INSULINDEPENDENT DIABETICS AND THEIR FAMILY MEMBERS
NORRIS, JILL M.
DORMAN, JANICE S.
LAPORTE, RONALD E.
REWERS, MARIAN
GAVARD, JEFFREY A.
ORCHARD, TREVOR J.
BECKER, DOROTHY J.
DRASH, ALLAN L.
KULLER, LEWIS H.
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS
The clustering of prer mortality was investigated in 1, 761 insulindependent diabetics and their family members from the Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus Registry from 1950–1981. At follow-up, 5% of the mothers and 13% of the fathers were deceased. Life table analyses revealed that fathers of deceased diabetics were significantly more likely to die prematurely than fathers of living diabetics (18% vs. 8% at age 55 years; p = 0.02). A father-diabetic son concordance of mortality appeared to be responsible for this effect. A similar overall trend was observed for maternal mortality, although the difference was not statistically significant. Cause-specific analyses revealed that the increased paternal mortality was primarily the result of cardiovascular disease. Overall mortality rates of parents of deceased dia betics were higher than those of the general population, reaching statistical significance in the age group 35–44 years (p < 0.05). Mortality among diabetic siblings was also examined. Diabetic siblings of deceased diabetics had a markedly increased risk of dying compared with diabetic siblings of living dia betics (p = 0.001). These findings indicate that premature mortality among both diabetic and nondlabetic relatives of diabetics clusters in families in which there is a deceased insulin-dependent diabetic, and suggest that the marked increase in mortality among persons with insulin-dependent diabetes may be partly under familial control.
Oxford University Press
1989-04-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/129/4/723
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oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:129/4/7322015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:129:4
BLOOD LEAD-BLOOD PRESSURE RELATIONS: ALCOHOL INTAKE AND HEMOGLOBIN AS CONFOUNIDERS
GRANDJEAN, P.
HOLLNAGEL, H.
HEDEGAARD, L.
CHRISTENSEN, J. M.
LARSEN, S.
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS
A cohort of 1, 052 persons (504 men and 548 women) born in 1936 and residing in the Glostrup area, Denmark, underwent a comprehensive physical examination in 1976 at age 40 years, and 966 underwent a complete reexamination five years later. The examinations included blood lead concentration and blood pressure assessment under careful quality control. Complete blood lead and blood pres sure data were available for 861 of these subJects (451 men and 410 women). The median blood lead levels were 13 and 9 μg/i ml at age 40 years and 9 and 6 μg/100 ml at age 45 years in men and women, respectively. A slightly increased blood lead concentration was seen at age 40 years in women with a systolic blood pressure above 14.0 mmHg and/or a diastolic blood pressure above 90 mmHg. Systolic blood pressure in men and women and diastolic blood pressure in women correlated significantly with log blood lead at age 40 years but not at age 45 years, a doubling in blood lead being associated with an Increase in blood pressure of 3 mmHg or less. Of nine potential confounders assessed, only blood hemoglobin and alleged alcohol intake were significantly associated with both blood lead and blood pressure. If one or both confoundera were entered into a multiple regression analysis, all associations between blood lead and blood pressure became nonsignificant, in some cases with a negative regression coefficient. In addition, the blood lead: hemoglobln ratio was poorly associated with blood pressure, particularly in individuals with a low alcohol intake. Because both hemoglobin level and alcohol intake appear to be biolog ically plausible confounders, any independent eflect of low-level lead exposure on blood pressure could not be determined.
Oxford University Press
1989-04-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/129/4/732
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oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:129/4/7402015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:129:4
EFFECT OF A MALARIA SUPPRESSION PROGRAM ON THE INCIDENCE OF AFRICAN BURKITT'S LYMPHOMA
GESER, ANTON
BRUBAKER, GLEN
DRAPER, CHRIS C.
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS
From 1977 to 1982, the authors attempted a malaria suppression trial in North Mare District, Tanzania, to see whether the incidence of Burkltt's lymphoma (BL) could be lowered by reducing the level of malarial infection in a child population below 10 years of age. immediately after initiation of the suppression trial, the prevalence of malaria fell drastically in the Mars children; however, soon after, the rate of malarial infection rose again in the trial area in spite of continued chloroquine distribution, and by 1981 the prevalence of malarial infection again reached the high levels that had prevailed in the North Mars lowlands before 1977. However, during the period of chioroquine distribution in North Mare, the level of malarial infection there was constantly lower than that observed in a comparison area in South Mars, although the two areas had been similar with respect to malaria endemicity prior to the intervention. During the years of chloroqulne distribution in North Mars, the incidence rate of BL there fell consid erably, from about 4 per 100, 000 population to about 1 per 100, 000 population, and it rose again to pretrial levels in 1984, that is, about two years after the chioroqulne distribution had been termInated. This apparent association between malaria suppression and decline in BL incidence at first seemed to indicate that malaria is a causal factor in BL production. A closer scrutiny of the survey data revealed, however, that the decline in BL incidence might have started several years before the chioroquine distribution began; thus it appears that the malaria suppression could not have been the sole cause of the BL decline.
Oxford University Press
1989-04-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/129/4/740
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oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:129/4/7532015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:129:4
EFFECT OF SCREENING AND TREATMENT ON IMPORTED INTESTINAL PARASITE INFECTIONS: RESULTS FROM A RANDOMIZED, CONTROLLED TRIAL
GYORKOS, THERESA W.
FRAPPIER-DAVIGNON, LISE
DICK MAcLEAN, J.
VIENS, PIERRE
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS
A randomized, controlled trial was undertaken to evaluate the effects of a screening program for Intestinal parasite infection in newly arrived Southeast Asian refugees to Montral, Québec, Canada, during 1982–1983. Families as signed to the screened groups were examined, infected persons were treated and followed until they were infection-free, and all screened families were reexamined at six months. Families assigned to the control groups were examined at six months only. Statistically significant prevalence differences in unad justed and adjusted estimates over the six-month study period were found between screened persons and controls for each of three groups of refugees from Kampuchea, Laos, and Vietnam, respectively. in general, the greatest prevalence differences ascribed to the screening program were observed In hookworm and Ascarls lumbricoides infections. Continued high levels of <it>Giardla lambila and Strongyloldes stercoralls</it> infection were observed at six months; this raises concerns over the effective therapeutic management of infected persons, the risk of local transmission, and the relevance of screening for Intestinal parasites in new arrivals from endemic areas.
Oxford University Press
1989-04-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/129/4/753
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oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:129/4/7622015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:129:4
EPIDEMIOLOGIC SURVEILLANCE FOR ENDEMIC GIARDIA LAMBLIA INFECTION IN VERMONT THE ROLES OF WATERBORNE AND PERSON-TO-PERSON TRANSMISSION
BIRKHEAD, GUTHRIE
VOGT, RICHARD L.
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS
The authors studied 1, 211 laboratory-confirmed, non-outbreak-related cases of giardiasis in Vermont residents reported through Vermont's laboratory-based, active surveillance system between 1983 and 1986. Giardiasls was the most common reportable disease in the state, with an average annual incidence rate of 45.9 cases per 100, 000 population per year. This rate is higher than that in other states reporting giardiasis incidence. Morbidity from giardiasis was also significant in that 30% of cases reported symptoms lasting four or more weeks. Waterbome transmission was suggested to be an important cause of nonoutbreak-related cases because rates of infection were highest in persons receiving nonfiltered municipal or nonmunicipal residential drinking water. Rates were also higher at higher elevations, where water supplies may be difficult to protect from contamination. in addition, the pattern of age-specitlc incidence rates and the high estimated incidence of infection in children attending day care suggested that person-to-person transmission also played a role in causing non- outbreak-related cases. Routine surveillance data can serve to indicate likely important routes of transmission of glardlasis in the community.
Oxford University Press
1989-04-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/129/4/762
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oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:129/4/7692015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:129:4
LONGITUDINAL STUDIES OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES AND PHYSICAL GROWTH OF INFANTS IN HUASCAR, AN UNDERPRWILEGED PERI-URBAN COMMUNITY IN LIMA, PERU
LOPEZ DE ROMANA, GUILLERMO
BROWN, KENNETH H.
BLACK, ROBERT E.
CREED KANASHIRO, HILARY
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS
Longitudinal studies of morbidity from infectious diseases and physical growth were completed from July 1982-June 1984 for 153 Peruvian newborns during the first year of life. Admission to the cohort was restricted to infants with birth weights greater than 2, 500 g. Surveillance workers inquired about symptoms of diarrheal, respiratory, and other illnesses during thrice-weekly home visits; an thropometrists measured weight and length each month to assess the infants' patterns of physical growth and relative nutritional status. During 48, 209 childdays of observation, upper respiratory infections were present on 13, 409 childdays (27.8% prevalence) and diarrhea on 7, 466 child-days (15.5% prevalence). The diarrhea incidence rate averaged 9.8 epIsodes per child-year of observation; all children had at least one episode of diarrhea. Average weights approximated those of the National Center for Heatth Statistics reference population during the first five to six months, but declined thereafter in relation to reference data. Average lengths were less than the reference data at all ages. The average weights for age and lengths for age of gills were generally greater than those of boys relative to the reference population. Rates of stunting and wasting Increased progressively during the first year of life.
Oxford University Press
1989-04-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/129/4/769
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oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:129/4/7852015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:129:4
INCIDENCE AND ETIOLOGY OF INFANTILE DIARRHEA AND MAJOR ROUTES OF TRANSMISSION IN HUASCAR, PERU
BLACK, ROBERT E.
LOPEZ DE ROMA, GUILLER<IMG SRC="/math/sim.gif" ALT="~" BORDER="0">O
BROWN, KENNETH H.
BRAVO, NORA
GRADOS BAZALAR, OSCAR
CREED KANASHTRO, HILARY
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS
Community-based studies of diarrhea etiology and epidemiology were carried out from July 1982-June 1984 in 153 infants residing in a poor pen-urban community near Uma, Peru. Study infants had nearly 10 episodes of diarrhea in their first year of life. Diarrhea episodes were associated with organisms such as <it>Campylobacter jejuni</it>, enterotoxlgenic and enteropathogenic <it>Escherlchia coli</it>, Shigella, rotavirus, and <it>Cryptosporidlum</it>. These organisms appeared to be transmitted to infants in the home through animal feces, through contaminated water and food, and by direct person-to-person contact. A particularly important route of transmission may have been weaning foods, which were often contaminated bOcause of improper preparation and inadequate cleaning of utensils. improved feeding practices, along with avoidance of animal feces and improved personal and domestic hygiene, should be considered important interventions in reducing the high incidence of diarrhea in infants in developing countries.
Oxford University Press
1989-04-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/129/4/785
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oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:129/4/8002015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:129:4
SIBSHIP SIZE AS A RISK FACTOR FOR HEPATITIS A INFECTION
GREEN, MANFRED S.
ZAAIDE, YONA
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS
Marked ethnic differences in the prevalence of anti-hepatitis A antibodies among Jews in Israel are only partly explained by variation in socioeconomic status. In this study, various soclodemographic variables were examined as possible correlates of anti-hepatitis A antibodies in a group of 522 Jewish males aged 25–44 years examined between January and Apr 1987. Among subjects aged 25–29 years, 41.5% of those of European and American origin had antibod ies as compared with 88.5% of those of Asian and North African origin (p < 0.0001), whereas by the age of 40–44 years, this difference had largely disap peared. In further univarlate analysis, number of siblings, years of education, and number of children were also significantly associated with the presence of antibodies. When multiple logistic regression was used to control simultaneously for the effects of the other variables, sibahip size emerged as the strongest correlate of anti-hepatitis A antibodies (p < 0.0001), and it appears to explain a large part of the ethnic differences in antibody status. These findings provide strong evidence for the role of siblings in the spread of hepatitis A infection.
Oxford University Press
1989-04-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/129/4/800
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oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:129/4/8062015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:129:4
GESTATIONAL VAGINAL BLEEDING AND PREGNANCY OUTCOME
STROBINO, BARBARA
PANTEL-SILVERMAN, JUDY
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS
The relation between vaginal bleeding and pregnancy outcome was examined in a prospective study of 3, 531 women seeking prenatal care in New York City from 1975 through 1985. Women were interviewed in the second trimester or later and were followed up at delivery. The frequency of vaginal bleeding during pregnancy was 22%. Few maternal characteristics or exposures were predictive of bleeding, and those that were associated with an increased risk of bleeding were only marginally so. Risk factors included advanced maternal age, previous spontaneous or Induced abortion, working during pregnancy, and certain gyne cologic conditions (fibroids, cervical Inflammation, and ovarian cysts). Severity of bleeding was examined in relation to birth weight and length of gestation at delivery. Ught bleeding during pregnancy was not associated with decreased birth weight or with shortened gestation at delivery. Heavy bleeding was associ ated with a decrease in mean birth weight of about 100 g (p < 0.05) but was not significantly assocIated with the risk of low birth weight (odds ratio (OR) = 1.7, 95% confidence interval (Cl) 0.9–3.3). Heavy bleeding was associated with preterm delivery among private patients (OR = 6.4, 95% Cl 1.7–23.5) but not public patients (OR = 0.3, 95% CI 0.1–1.4). First trimester bleeding of any severity was marginally associated with congenital malformations In the offspring (OR = 1.7, 95% Cl 1.0–2.9); the effect was the same for major and minor abnormalities. There was no association between first trimester bleeding and placental complications of pregnancy or the delivery of a stillborn infant
Oxford University Press
1989-04-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/129/4/806
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oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:129/4/8162015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:129:4
MORTALITY D A NORTHEASTERN NAT WE AMERICAN COHORT, 1955-1984
MAHONEY, MARTIN C.
MICHALEK, ARTHUR M.
CUMMINGS, MICHAEL
NASCA, PHILIP C.
EMRICH, LAWRENCE J.
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS
Patterns of mortality among members of the Seneca Nation of Indians between January 1, 1955, and December 31, 1984, were investigated. The study cohort consisted of all members of the Seneca Nation residing in New York State who were listed In the tribal roll as of January 1, 1955 (n = 3, 262). Deaths among cohort members were identified through a computer match against New York State vital records files. Sex-specific standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) were calculated on the basis of mortality patterns exhibited by the general population of New York State, exclusive of New York City. Seneca Nation males demon strated an excess of deaths from au causes (SMR = 124), while all-cause mortality among Seneca Nation females did not differ from that expected (SMR = 106). Both males and females exhibited excess mortality from Infectious diseases, diabetes mellitus, cirrhosis of the liver, and accidents and injuries. Excess mortality was also noted among males for deaths due to atherosclerosis and hernia/intestinal obstructIon and among females for deaths due to pneumonia, chronic nephrltls, and homicide. Both sexes exhibited a deficit of deaths due to malignant neoplasms and clrculatoiy diseases. Findings from this study will be useful to those responsible for the planning and implementation of health care programs among the Seneca Nation of indians and other Native Amencan groups.
Oxford University Press
1989-04-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/129/4/816
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oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:129/4/8272015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:129:4
GENOTYPIC AND PHIENOTYPIC SIMILARITIES IN PULMONARY FUNCTION AMONG FAMILY MEMBERS OF ADULT MONOZYGOTIC AND DIZYGOTIC TWINS
REDLINE, SUSAN
TISHLER, PETER V.
ROSNER, BERNARD
LEWIrrER, FRANCES I.
VANDENBURGH, MARTIN
WEISS, SCOTT T.
SPEIZER, FRANK E.
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS
Population studies have demonstrated that obstructive airways disease aggre gates within families. The authors used a twin family model of analysis to estimate the genetic and environmental influences on pulmonary function. A total of 1, 635 members of 414 families of adult twins (252 monozygotlc, 162 dlzygotic) enrolled In the Greater Boston Twin Registry were studied between 1981 and 1982. Correlations in levels of forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV<inf>1</inf>} and forced vital capacity (FVC), adjusted for age, sex, height, and current smoking status, were compared among 16 groups of relatives sharing various degrees of genetic relatedness. A direct relation between shared genotype and the magni tude of the familial correlations for pulmonary function was observed. For FEV the correlations were 0.71 for monozygotic twins (100% shared genotype), 0.16 to 0.29 for relatives with 50% shared genotype, 0.09 to 0.27 for relatives with 25% shared genotype, 0.06 for cousins with 12.5% shared genotype, and –0.14 to 0.14 for unrelated family members. Correlations for FVC were similar. Stratifi cation of the analysis by concordance or discordance for passive tobacco smoke exposure or for frequency with which families visited one another did not system atically after these relations. These data suggest that phenotypic similarities in pulmonary function relate directly to genetic similarities, and are consistent with a multifactorlal mode of inheritance.
Oxford University Press
1989-04-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/129/4/827
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oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:129/4/8372015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:129:4
USE OF MEDICAID DATA FOR PHARMACOEPIDEMIOLOGY
RAY, WAYNE A.
GRIFFIN, MARIE R.
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS
Because of the high prevalence of prescription drug use and the Incomplete understanding of drug effects at the time of Iicensing, ongoing epidemiologic monitoring is required to provide information for clinical and regulatory decisions. Data produced through the administration of Medicaid programs have been considered for this purpose because the computerized files include prescription and diagnostic information for large, defined populations. However, the limited amount of data available in the computerized files and the atypical demographic characteristics of Medicaid populations create formidable difficulties In the use of these data for pharmacoepldemiology. This paper reviews these methodolog ical problems and describes pragmatic solutions that have been developed through the ongoing use of these data bases for epidemiologic studies.
Oxford University Press
1989-04-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/129/4/837
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Copyright (C) 1989, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:129/4/8502015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:129:4
COMPETING RISKS BIAS ARISING FROM AN OMITTED RISK FACTOR
SCHATZKIN, ARTHUR
SLUD, ERIC
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS
The authors describe a form of selection bias that may arise when a second disease selectively removes from the population persons susceptible to the primary disease of interest. Two examples of this bias are given: 1) a lack of association between an exposure and the primary disease may appear as an inverse association, and 2) a direct association between exposure and primary disease may be greatly attenuated. These examples of bias require the presence of an unknown risk factor in addition to the exposure of interest
Oxford University Press
1989-04-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/129/4/850
en
Copyright (C) 1989, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:129/4/8572015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:129:4
THE CASE OF THE MISSING EIGHTS AN OBJECT LESSON IN DATA QUALITY ASSURANCE
STELLMAN, STEVEN D.
BRIEF REPORTS
Oxford University Press
1989-04-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/129/4/857
en
Copyright (C) 1989, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:129/4/861-a2015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:129:4
RE: EVENTS OF REPRODUCTIVE LIFE AND THE INCIDENCE OF EPITHELIAL OVARIAN CANCER
Koch, Maria
LETTERS TO THE EDITOR
Oxford University Press
1989-04-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/129/4/861-a
en
Copyright (C) 1989, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:129/4/8612015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:129:4
RE: CHALLENGES TO EPIDEMIOLOGY IN THE NEXT DECADE
Hunchsrek, Michael
LETTERS TO THE EDITOR
Oxford University Press
1989-04-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/129/4/861
en
Copyright (C) 1989, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:129/4/8622015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:129:4
THE AUTHORS REPLY
Risch, Harvey A.
LETTERS TO THE EDITOR
Oxford University Press
1989-04-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/129/4/862
en
Copyright (C) 1989, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:129/4/861a1989-04-01HighWireOUPamjepid:129:4
Re: "Challenges to Epidemiology in the Next Decade"
Huncharek, M
LETTERS TO THE EDITOR
Oxford University Press
1989-04-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/129/4/861a
en
Copyright (C) 1989, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:129/4/861b1989-04-01HighWireOUPamjepid:129:4
Re: "Events of Reproductive Life and the Incidence of Epithelial Ovarian Cancer"
Koch, M
LETTERS TO THE EDITOR
Oxford University Press
1989-04-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
text/html
http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/129/4/861b
en
Copyright (C) 1989, Oxford University Press