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oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:133/12/11992015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:133:12
Assessing Risk Factors for Transmission of Infection
Koopman, James S.
Longini, Ira M.
Jacquez, John A.
Simon, Carl P.
Ostrow, David G.
Martin, William R.
Woodcock, David M.
REVIEWS AND COMMENTARY
Commonly used measures of effect, such as risk ratios and odds ratios, may be quite biased when used to assess the effect of factors that alter transmission risks given exposure to infected individuals. This is demonstrated in a simulation model involving a higher-risk behavior and a lower-risk behavior affecting the sexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus. The bias arises because population contact patterns between higher-risk and lower-risk persons change their relative probabilities of exposure to an infected individual as an epidemic progresses. The assessment of contact patterns is thus central to risk assessment for contagious diseases. A new formulation of selective mixing presented here, together with a structured mixing specmcation of the social settings of contact, provides a theoretic framework for the investigation of contact pattern determinants.
Oxford University Press
1991-06-15 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/133/12/1199
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Copyright (C) 1991, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:133/12/12102015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:133:12
The Effect of Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1 Antibody Status on Military Applicant Aptitude Test Scores
Arday, David R.
Brundage, John F.
Gardner, Lytt I.
Goldenbaum, Mary
Wann, Frank
Wright, Stephen
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS
The authors conducted a population-based study to attempt to estimate the effect of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) seropositivity on Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery test scores in otherwise healthy individuals with early HIV-1 infection. The Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery is a 10-test written multiple aptitude battery administered to all civilian applicants for military enlistment prior to serologic screening for HIV-1 antibodies. A total of 975,489 induction testing records containing both Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery and HIV-1 results from October 1985 through March 1987 were examined. An analysis data set (<it>n</it> = 7,698) was constructed by choosing five controls for each of the 1,283 HIV-1-positive cases, matched on five-digit ZIP code, and a multiple linear regression analysis was performed to control for demographic and other factors that might influence test scores. Years of education was the strongest predictor of test scores, raising an applicant's score on a composite test nearly 0.16 standard deviation per year. The HIV-1-positive effect on the composite score was −0.09 standard deviation (99% confidence interval −0.17 to −0.02). Separate regressions on each component test within the battery showed HIV-1 effects between −0.39 and +0.06 standard deviation. The two Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery component tests felt a priori to be the most sensitive to HIV-1-positive status showed the least decrease with seropositivity. Much of the variability in test scores was not predicted by either HIV-1 serostatus or the demographic and other factors included in the model. There appeared to be little evidence of a strong HIV-1 effect.
Oxford University Press
1991-06-15 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/133/12/1210
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Copyright (C) 1991, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:133/12/12202015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:133:12
Risk Factors for Mortality from All Causes and from Coronary Heart Disease among Persons with Diabetes: Findings from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey I Epidemiologic Follow-up Study
Ford, Earl S.
DeStefano, Frank
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS
Coronary heart disease is the leading cause of mortality among persons with diabetes mellitus, but the factors that account for this high coronary heart disease mortality remain unclear. In the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey I Epidemiologic Follow-up Study, conducted from 1982 to 1984, 92 deaths from coronary heart disease were found to have occurred among 602 diabetic participants and 558 deaths from coronary heart disease were found to have occurred among 12,562 nondiabetic participants during follow-up period (1971–1984; average follow-up, 10 years). Using proportional hazards analysis, the authors found age, male sex, severe overweight, and non-leisure-time physical inactivity to be significantly associated with coronary heart disease mortality among persons with diabetes. Age, male sex, current smoking, hypertension, and non-leisure-time physical inactivity were associated with all-cause morality. Cholestral showed a more complex relation to all-cause morality. The strength of the associations between risk factors and all-cause and coronary heart disease mortality did not differ significantly among persons with and without diabetes. These results reinforce the important of controlling coronary heart disease risk factors among person with diabetes.
Oxford University Press
1991-06-15 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/133/12/1220
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Copyright (C) 1991, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:133/12/12312015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:133:12
Comparison of Two Methods of Assessing Physical Activity in the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) Study
Sidney, Stephen
Jacobs, David R.
Haskell, William L.
Armstrong, Mary Anne
Dimicco, Albert
Oberman, Albert
Savage, Peter J.
Slattery, Martha L.
Sternfeld, Barbara
Van Hom, Linda
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS
Physical activity was assessed by questionnaire among 4,956 young blacks and whites aged 18–30 years at the baseline examination (1985–1986) of the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study, a longitudinal study of cardiovascular risk factors. The Physical Activity Recall questionnaire categorized all activity during the previous week, while the Physical Activity History questionnaire quantified participation in 13 specific activities during the previous year. This report compares the two questionnaires with regard to their characterization of the activity levels of the sociodemographic subgroups of the study population and their associations with known physiologic correlates of physical activity. Both questionnaires resulted in the same physical activity patterns for sex (men > women) and age (younger > older) strata. However, the mean Physical Activity History score was higher in white women than in black women, while the Physical Activity Recall scores were nearly equal. The Physical Activity History score was directly related to educational status, and the Physical Activity Recall score was inversely related to educational status. The Physical Activity History score was generally more strongly associated with physiologic variables known to be related to physical activity (e.g., treadmill test duration). Based upon these findings, which may only be appropriate in this age group, it was concluded that the Physical Activity History score was the more valid measure of habitual physical activity in this study group of young adults.
Oxford University Press
1991-06-15 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/133/12/1231
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Copyright (C) 1991, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:133/12/12462015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:133:12
Physical Activity Behaviors in Lower and Higher Socioeconomic Status Populations
Ford, Earl S.
Merritt, Robert K.
Heath, Gregory W.
Powell, Kenneth E.
Washburn, Richard A.
Kriska, Andrea
Haile, Gwendolyn
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS
Few data on physical activity habits among populations of low socioeconomic status have been published. The authors studied physical activity habits—leisure-time physical activity, job-related physical activity, household physical activity, and walking—among 172 lower socioeconomic status women and 84 lower socioeconomic status men and compared their habits with those of 208 higher socioeconomic status women and 95 higher socioeconomic status men. All subjects resided in the greater Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, area. Data collection occurred throughout 1986. Lower socioeconomic status women, the least active group, averaged 1,536 � 1,701 minutes/week (�standard deviation) of total physical activity, whereas higher socioeconomic status women, the most active group, averaged 2,079 � 1,807 minutes/week (<it>p</it> < 0.0001). Higher socioeconomic status men averaged 1,952 � 1,799 minutes/week, and lower socioeconomic status men averaged 1,948 � 1,916 minutes/week. Higher socioeconomic status women spent significantly more time each week in leisure-time physical activity, job-related physical activity, and household physical activity than did lower socioeconomic status women. Lower socioeconomic status men spent significantly more time each week walking and doing household chores, whereas higher socioeconomic status men tended to be more active in leisure-time physical activity. These data suggest important quantitative and qualitative differences in physical activity among population subgroups. In view of the important role of physical activity in promoting physical and mental health, reasons for the differences among groups of varying socioeconomic status must be examined and elucidated.
Oxford University Press
1991-06-15 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/133/12/1246
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Copyright (C) 1991, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:133/12/12572015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:133:12
Elevated Blood Pressure among Southeast Asian Refugee Children in Minnesota
Munger, Ronald G.
Gomez-Marin, Orlando
Prineas, Ronald J.
Sinaiko, Alan R.
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS
The blood pressures and body sizes of children aged 10–15 years in the Minneapolis and St. Paul, Minnesota, public schools were measured during 1986 and 1987. The sample consisted of 1,680 Southeast Asian refugees—including 219 Cambodians, 1,086 Hmong, 149 Lao, and 226 Vietnamese—and 3,424 blacks and 11,336 whites. Mean systolic blood pressure in Hmong boys was higher than that in black boys and white boys. Mean systolic blood pressures of Hmong, Lao, and Vietnamese girls were lower than those of black girls and white girls. The mean diastolic blood pressures of Hmong boys and of Cambodian and Hmong girls were greater than those of blacks and whites of the same sexes. Southeast Asian children were shorter and weighed less than black children and white children. Body size may confound associations between ethnic groups and blood pressures and may obscure the problem of hypertension among the smaller Southeast Asian children. Southeast Asian boys had greater mean systolic blood pressures than did black and white boys across all weight strata; a similar contrast among girls did not reveal this difference. The risk of hypertension, defined by US National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute guidelines, was assessed in multiple logistic regression analyses that controlled for differences in weight, height, age, and pulse rate. The odds ratios for hypertension, relative to blacks and whites of the same sexes, were 2.69 (95% confidence interval (Cl) 1.85–3.65) in Hmong boys, 2.89 (95% Cl 1.35–6.21) in Lao boys, 2.10 (95% Cl 1.03–4.28) in Cambodian girls, and 1.49 (95% Cl 1.00–2.20) in Hmong girls. Hypertension and subsequent cardiovascular disease may emerge as a significant problem among Southeast Asian refugees in the United States.
Oxford University Press
1991-06-15 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/133/12/1257
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Copyright (C) 1991, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:133/12/12662015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:133:12
Calcium Intake from Dairy Products and Supplements and the Risks of Preeclampsia and Gestational Hypertension
Marcoux, Sylvie
Brisson, Jacques
Fabia, Jacqueline
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS
This case-control study assessed the relation of calcium intake in the first 20 weeks of pregnancy to the risks of preeclampsia and gestational hypertension. All subjects (172 women with preeclampsia, 251 women with gestational hypertension, and 505 controls) were primiparae who delivered in Quebec City or Montreal, Quebec, Canada, between April 1984 and December 1986. Dietary calcium intake was not associated with preeclampsia. For gestational hypertension, adjusted odds ratios in successive quartiles gradually decreased from 1.00 in the lowest quartile to 0.81, 0.66, and 0.60 in the highest quartile. These results provide additional support for the view that calcium intake during pregnancy may be inversely related to the risk of gestational hypertension.
Oxford University Press
1991-06-15 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/133/12/1266
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Copyright (C) 1991, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:133/12/12732015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:133:12
Birth Weight and Cardiovascular Malformations: A Population-Based Study: The Baltimore-Washington Infant Study
Rosenthal, Geoffrey L.
Wilson, P. David
Permutt, Thomas
Boughman, Joann A.
Ferencz, Charencz
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS
Mean birth weights were evaluated in infants with D-transposition of the great arteries, tetralogy of Fallot, endocardial cushion defect, hypoplastic left heart syndrome, pulmonary stenosis, aortic stenosis, coarctation of the aorta, ventricular septal defect, and atrial septal defect in a population-based case-control study of congenital cardiovascular malformations in residents of Maryland, Washington, D.C., and northern Virginia (1981–1987). Study subjects were livebom singletons without extracardiac anomalies. After adjustment for potentially confounding maternal, gestational, and infant factors, significant birth weight deficits were found for infants with tetralogy of Fallot, endocardial cushion defect, hypoplastic left heart syndrome, pulmonary stenosis, coarctatjon of the aorta, ventricular septal defect, and atrial septal defect. After adjustment, infants with these malformations (except coarctation of the aorta and atrial septal defect) were also significantly more likely than were controls to have low birth weight for gestational age. These findings strengthen previous evidence that certain cardiovascular malformations and low birth weight may be causally related.
Oxford University Press
1991-06-15 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/133/12/1273
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Copyright (C) 1991, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:133/12/12822015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:133:12
Reporting Errors in Time-to-Pregnancy Data Collected with a Short Questionnaire: Impact on Power and Estimation of Fecundability Ratios
Baird, Donna Day
Weinberg, Clarice R.
Rowland, Andrew S.
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS
Few tools exist in reproductive epidemiology for studying adverse effects on fertility. Data on time to pregnancy (the number of menstrual cycles required to conceive) can be used to estimate fecundability ratios, a sensitive endpoint for identifying factors associated with reduced fertility. Time-to-pregnancy data can be collected in detailed interviews. The accuracy of data collected on brief, self-administered questionnaires is not known. In a study of occupational exposures to dental assistants conducted in 1987–1988, 523 women provided time-to-pregnancy data both on a short, mailed questionnaire and in a detailed telephone interview. The correlation between the two measures was 0.82. Assuming that the detailed data were accurate, reporting errors in data from the short form were distributed nondifferentially with respect to most covariates of interest in fecundability analyses. Simulation studies were conducted to estimate bias and loss of power from the misclassification. Bias was toward the null. Substantial power was lost in detecting weak exposures. However, exposures that reduce fecundability by 50 percent (equivalent to adding about three cycles to the median time to pregnancy) could still be detected with 80 percent power in samples of about 100 women (half of them exposed to a possible toxin). The authors conclude that time-to-pregnancy data collected with a few self-administered questions can be useful in a variety of epidemiologic studies, including occupational and environmental surveillance programs.
Oxford University Press
1991-06-15 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/133/12/1282
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Copyright (C) 1991, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:133/12/12912015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:133:12
RE: "TOTAL ENERGY INTAKE: IMPLICATIONS FOR EPIDEMIOLOGIC ANALYSES"
Palmgren, Juni
Kushi, Lawrence H.
LETTERS TO THE EDITOR
Oxford University Press
1991-06-15 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/133/12/1291
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Copyright (C) 1991, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:133/12/1293-a2015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:133:12
RE: "2,4-D, 2,4,5-T, AND 2,3,7,8-TCDD AN OVERVIEW"
Bond, Gregory G.
Bodner, Kenneth M.
Cook, Ralph R.
LETTERS TO THE EDITOR
Oxford University Press
1991-06-15 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/133/12/1293-a
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Copyright (C) 1991, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:133/12/12932015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:133:12
THE AUTHORS REPLY
Willett, Walter C.
Stampfer, Meir J.
LETTERS TO THE EDITOR
Oxford University Press
1991-06-15 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/133/12/1293
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Copyright (C) 1991, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:133/12/12952015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:133:12
THE AUTHORS REPLY
Lilienfed, David E.
Gallo, Michael A.
LETTERS TO THE EDITOR
Oxford University Press
1991-06-15 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/133/12/1295
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Copyright (C) 1991, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:133/12/12962015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:133:12
RE: "AN ASSESSMENT OF ERROR IN PARENTAL OCCUPATION FROM THE BIRTH CERTIFICA TE"
Windham, Gayle C.
LETTERS TO THE EDITOR
Oxford University Press
1991-06-15 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/133/12/1296
en
Copyright (C) 1991, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:133/12/12972015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:133:12
THE AUTHORS REPLY
Shaw, Gary M.
Malcoe, Lorraine H.
Croen, Lisa A.
Smith, Daniel F.
LETTERS TO THE EDITOR
Oxford University Press
1991-06-15 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/133/12/1297
en
Copyright (C) 1991, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:133/12/12982015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:133:12
Subject Index
INDEX
Oxford University Press
1991-06-15 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/133/12/1298
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Copyright (C) 1991, Oxford University Press