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oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:139/12/11292015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:139:12
Prospective Study of Cigarette Smoking and the Risk of Developing Idiopathic Parkinson's Disease
Grandinetti, Andrew
Morens, David M.
Reed, Dwayne
MacEachern, Dorothy
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS
A 26-year follow-up study of 8,006 men enrolled in the Honolulu Heart Program examined the effect of cigarette smoking on the risk of developing idiopathic Parkinson's disease. Cases were identified through an ongoing search of hospital records and by the review of death certificates and medical records of local neurologists. Men who had smoked cigarettes at any time prior to study enrollment in 1965 had a reduced risk of developing idiopathic Parkinson's disease (relative risk = 0.39). Examination of smoking by pack-years revealed an apparent dose-response effect on the risk of idiopathic Parkinson's disease, but not on the age of onset. Coffee drinking was also associated with reduced risk, apparently because of its association with cigarette smoking. Although the detrimental health effects of cigarette smoking would far outweigh any possible protective effect for smoking and Parkinson's disease, the association of smoking with apparent protection may contribute to understanding the underlying pathogenetic mechanisms.
Oxford University Press
1994-06-15 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/139/12/1129
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Copyright (C) 1994, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:139/12/11392015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:139:12
Maternal Smoking during Pregnancy as a Predictor of Lung Function in Children
Cunningham, Joan
Dockery, Douglas W.
Speizer, Frank E.
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS
Recent studies have suggested that prenatal exposure to environmental tobacco smoke may lead to lower lung function in infants. The authors examined the relation of maternal smoking during pregnancy to persistent deficits in the lung function of older children. Subjects were 8,863 nonsmoking white children aged 8–12 years from 22 North American communities. Information on maternal smoking was provided by the child's mother. Pulmonary function testing of the children was conducted at school in 1988–1991. Children whose mothers smoked during pregnancy, whether or not they still smoked in the year prior to the study, had significantly lower lung function than did children whose mothers did not smoke in either period. On average, forced expiratory flow between 65 and 75 percent of forced vital capacity (FEF<inf>66–75%</inf>), forced expiratory flow between 25 and 75 percent of forced vital capacity (FEF<inf>25–75%</inf>), and forced expiratory volume in ¾ of a second (FEV<inf>0 75</inf>) were 5.7%, 4.9%, and 1.7% lower, respectively, for children whose mothers smoked during pregnancy. After adjusting for maternal smoking during pregnancy, the authors found that current maternal smoking was not associated with significant differences on any lung function measure. These results show a persistent deficit in lung function associated with maternal smoking during pregnancy that is not explained by current maternal smoking alone. The strongest effects were observed with pulmonary function measures of flow in the small airways. The authors conclude that the effects of exposure to tobacco smoking by the mother during pregnancy and/or environmental tobacco smoke exposure in the first few years of life persist into childhood and may affect the pulmonary function attained throughout the child's life.
Oxford University Press
1994-06-15 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/139/12/1139
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Copyright (C) 1994, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:139/12/11532015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:139:12
Risk Factors for the Transition from Noninjection to Injection Drug Use and Accompanying AIDS Risk Behavior in a Cohort of Drug Users
van Ameijden, E. J. C.
van den Hoek, J. A. R.
Hartgers, C.
Coutinho, R. A.
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS
Although injection drug users have been shown to reduce high-risk injection behaviors in response to the epidemic of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and ac-quired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), the total elimination of risk behaviors has not been achieved. A more fundamental preventive measure may be to keep drug users from starting to inject at all. The authors selected 184 drug users from a cohort study in Amsterdam, the Netherlands, from 1985 to 1992, who had reported at entry to the study that they either had never injected drugs or had injected for the last time more than 1 year before the initial visit. Over a 5-year follow-up period, impressively high cumulative rates of transition to injection drug use were found in both groups. Among drug users who had never injected drugs, 30% began injecting; among those who had injected drugs 1–5 years before their entry into the study, 70% started injecting again. These rates were stable over time. The authors also confirmed that new injectors are at high risk of acquisition of HIV infection. With the use of a survival and a nested case-control analysis, the following independent risk factors that increased the likelihood of starting to inject were found: previous injecting history, ethnicity other than Surinamese/ Antillean, regular long-term use of cocaine, current use of heroin, and a current steady sexual relationship with a partner who injects drugs. Given the high and stable incidence of initiation of injection among drug users within the cohort study, the prevention of this behavior appears to be difficult. Additional studies are needed to determine effective prevention strategies.
Oxford University Press
1994-06-15 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/139/12/1153
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Copyright (C) 1994, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:139/12/11642015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:139:12
Prevalence of Subclinical Atherosclerosis and Cardiovascular Disease and Association with Risk Factors in the Cardiovascular Health Study
Kuller, Lewis
Borthani, Nemat
Furberg, Curt
Gardin, Julius
Manolio, Teri
O'Leary, Daniel
Psaty, Bruce
Robbins, John
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS
The prevalence of subclinical atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease was evaluated among the 5,201 adults aged ≥65 years in four communities participating in the Cardiovascular Health Study from June 1989 through May 1990. A combined index based on electrocardiogram and echocardiogram abnormalities, carotid artery wall thickness and stenosis based on carotid ultrasound, decreased ankle-brachial blood pressure, and positive response to a Rose Questionnaire for angina or intermittent claudication defined subclinical disease. The prevalence of subclinical disease was 36% in women and 38.7% in men and increased with age. Among women, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, systolic blood pressure, blood glucose, and cigarette smoking were positively associated, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol negatively associated, with subclinical disease. In men, systolic blood pressure, blood glucose, and ciga-rette smoking were independent risk factors in multiple logistic regression analyses. The risk factors for subclinical disease are, therefore, similar to those for clinical disease at younger ages, especially among women. It is possible that older individuals with subclinical disease are at very high risk of developing clinical disease and that more aggressive interventions to prevent clinical disease should be oriented to individuals with subclinical disease.
Oxford University Press
1994-06-15 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/139/12/1164
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Copyright (C) 1994, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:139/12/11802015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:139:12
Antioxidant Vitamin Intake and Coronary Mortality in a Longitudinal Population Study
Knekt, Paul
Reunanen, Antti
Jävinen, Ritva
Seppänen, Ritva
Heliövaara, Makku
Aromaa, Arpo
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS
Oxidation of lipoproteins is hypothesized to promote atherosclerosis and, thus, a high intake of antioxidant nutrients may protect against coronary heart disease. The relation between the intakes of dietary carotene, vitamin C, and vitamin E and the subsequent coronary mortality was studied in a cohort of 5,133 Finnish men and women aged 30–69 years and initially free from heart disease. Food consumption was estimated by the dietary history method covering the total habitual diet during the previous year. Altogether, 244 new fatal coronary heart disease cases occurred during a mean follow-up of 14 years beginning in 1966–1972. An inverse association was observed between dietary vitamin E intake and coronary mortality in both men and women with relative risks of 0.68 (<it>p</it> for trend = 0.01) and 0.35 (<it>p</it> for trend < 0.01), respectively, between the highest and lowest tertiles of the intake. Similar associations were observed for the dietary intake of vitamin C and carotenoids among women and for the intake of important food sources of these micronutrients, i.e., of vegetables and fruits, among both men and women. The associations were not attributable to confounding by major nondietary risk factors of coronary heart disease, i.e., age, smoking, serum cholesterol, hypertension, or relative weight. The results support the hypothesis that antioxidant vitamins protect against coronary heart disease, but it cannot be excluded that foods rich in these micronutrients also contain other constituents that provide the protection.
Oxford University Press
1994-06-15 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/139/12/1180
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Copyright (C) 1994, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:139/12/11902015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:139:12
Revision of Dietary Analysis Software for the Health Habits and History Questionnaire
Block, Gladys
Coyle, Linda M.
Hartman, Anne M.
Scoppa, Steven M.
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS
The software for analysis of the Health Habits and History Questionnaire (HHHQ) has been revised and is available to researchers. As in earlier versions of the software, questionnaires other than the standard National Cancer Institute versions can be analyzed. Foods can be added or dropped, nutrients can be added or changed, and many other revisions and options are facilitated. Estimates of 33 nutrients and up to 20 user-defined food groups are produced. The validity is unchanged from the previous software. Other features include a data entry key-and-verify system, standardized editing, a computer-assisted interview, and the calculation of health indices including pack-years of smoking and social network index.
Oxford University Press
1994-06-15 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/139/12/1190
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Copyright (C) 1994, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:139/12/11972015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:139:12
Validation of the Minnesota Leisure Time Physical Activity Questionnaire in Spanish Men
Elosua, R.
Marrugat, J.
Molina, L.
Pons, S.
Pujol, E.
MARARTHOM Investingators,
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS
Questionnaires are frequently used for measuring physical activity. The aim of this study was to validate the Spanish version of the Minnesota Leisure Time Physical Activity Questionnaire (MLTPAQ) in Spanish men. Healthy men (<it>n</it> = 187) aged 20–60 years were recruited. The MLTPAQ was administered to assess the quantity (total activity metabolic index) and quality (heavy, moderate, and light) of physical activity performed in the last year, quarter, month, and week. Fitness was assessed with an exercise test. Spearman's correlation coefficients between the total activity metabolic index and exercise test duration, time to maximal theoretical heart rate, and caloric intake were 0.57, 0.46, and 0.40, respectively. The intraclass correlation coefficients between the total activity metabolic indexes in the last year and in the last quarter, month, and week were 0.62, 0.46, and 0.35, respectively. In multiple linear regression, the heavy, moderate, and light activity metabolic index, age, body mass index, and basal heart rate explained 40% of the variability of time to the maximum theoretical heart rate. The Spanish version of the MLTPAQ is a valid instrument to measure the quantity and quality of physical activity performed in the last year (also in periods shorter than 1 year) by Spanish men aged 20–60 years. Only heavy physical activity is related to cardiorespi-ratory fitness.
Oxford University Press
1994-06-15 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/139/12/1197
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Copyright (C) 1994, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:139/12/12102015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:139:12
A Meta-Analysis of Colorectal Cancer and Asbestos Exposure
Horna, David M.
Garabrant, David H.
Gillespie, Brenda W.
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS
A meta-analysis of the relation between asbestos exposure and colorectal cancer mortality was conducted, using published reports of 20 asbestos-exposed cohorts. Summary standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) for colorectal cancer were examined in relation to asbestos type and estimates of dust exposure (as direct estimators of asbestos exposure) and in relation to lung cancer SMR and the proportion of all deaths due to mesothelioma (as proxy estimators of asbestos exposure). An elevated summary SMR was observed in cohorts exposed to amphibole asbestos (summary SMR = 1.47; 95% confidence interval (Cl) 1.09–2.00), but not in cohorts exposed to serpentine asbestos (summary SMR = 1.04; 95% Cl 0.81–1.33) or in cohorts exposed to both serpentine and amphibole asbestos (summary SMR = 1.03; 95% Cl 0.74–1.42). Cohorts having a lung cancer SMR greater than 2.00 had a summary SMR of 1.51 (95% Cl 1.29–1.76), and cohorts in which more than 1 % of all deaths were attributed to mesothelioma had a summary SMR of 1.24 (95% Cl 0.94–1.64), After stratifying the cohorts based on mortality due to all cancers excluding those known or suspected to be associated with asbestos exposure, lung cancer mortality was not clearly associated with colorectal cancer mortality, suggesting that the crude association between these factors may be due to misdiagnosis of lung cancer as other types of cancer in the reported causes of death. These results suggest that exposure to amphibole asbestos may be associated with colorectal cancer, but these findings may reflect an artifact of miscertification of cause of death. The results also suggest that serpentine asbestos is not associated with colorectal cancer.
Oxford University Press
1994-06-15 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/139/12/1210
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Copyright (C) 1994, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:139/12/12232015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:139:12
What Happens to Your Manuscript: Characteristics of Papers Published in Volume 139
The Editors,
EDITORIAL COMMENTARY
Oxford University Press
1994-06-15 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/139/12/1223
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Copyright (C) 1994, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:139/12/12262015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:139:12
Health Status and Health Policy: Allocating Resources to Health Care
Morgan, Myfanwy
BOOK REVIEWS
Oxford University Press
1994-06-15 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/139/12/1226
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Copyright (C) 1994, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:139/12/12282015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:139:12
Critical Condition: Human Health and the Environment
Goldsmith, John R.
BOOK REVIEWS
Oxford University Press
1994-06-15 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/139/12/1228
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Copyright (C) 1994, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:139/12/12302015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:139:12
Planetary Overload: Global Environmental Change and the Health of the Human Species
Goldsmith, John R.
BOOK REVIEWS
Oxford University Press
1994-06-15 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/139/12/1230
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Copyright (C) 1994, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:139/12/12332015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:139:12
RE: "ARSENIC INGESTION AND INTERNAL CANCERS: A REVIEW"
Guo, How-Ran
Lu, Fung-Jou
LETTERS TO THE EDITOR
Oxford University Press
1994-06-15 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/139/12/1233
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Copyright (C) 1994, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:139/12/12352015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:139:12
Volume Subject Index
INDEXES
Oxford University Press
1994-06-15 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/139/12/1235
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Copyright (C) 1994, Oxford University Press