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Dietary Glutathione Intake and the Risk of Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer
Flagg, Elaine W.
Coates, Ralph J.
Jones, Dean P.
Byers, Tim E.
Greenberg, Raymond S.
Gridley, Gloria
McLaughlin, Joseph K.
Blot, William J.
Haber, Michael
Preston-Martin, Susan
Schoenberg, Janet B.
Austin, Donald F.
Fraumeni, Joseph F.
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS
Glutathione, a tripeptide found in a variety of foods, may function as an anticarcinogen by acting as an antioxidant and by binding with cellular mutagens. The association between dietary glutathione intake and risk of oral and pharyngeal cancer was investigated using data from 1,830 white participants (855 cases and 975 controls) in a population-based case-control study conducted in New Jersey; metropolitan Atlanta, Georgia; Los Angeles County, California; and Santa Clara and San Mateo counties, south of San Francisco-Oakland, California, during 1984–1985. The estimated relative risk of cancer among people with the highest quartile of glutathione intake from all sources was 0.5 (95% confidence interval 0.3–0.7). When analyzed by dietary source, however, glutathione intakes derived from all vegetables and from meat were not related to risk of cancer. Only glutathione derived from fruit and from vegetables commonly consumed raw was associated with reduced oral cancer risk. Relative to the lowest level of combined intake of fruit and of fruit-derived glutathione, risk of cancer decreased slightly with increasing intake of fruit glutathione. This analysis was limited, however, by the small numbers of subjects with extreme combinations of intakes. Further studies are needed to distinguish the potential effect of glutathione from that of fruit and raw vegetables per se or from the influence of other constituents in these foods.
Oxford University Press
1994-03-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/139/5/453
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Copyright (C) 1994, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:139/5/4662015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:139:5
Nutritional Factors and Gastric Cancer in Spain
Gonz{acute}lez, Carlos A.
Riboli, Elio
Badosa, Josep
Batiste, Eduard
Cardona, Teresa
Pita, Salvador
Sanz, J. Miguel
Torrent, Matias
Agudo, Antonio
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS
A case-control study on diet and gastric cancer, carried out in selected areas of four regions of Spain (Aragon, Castile, Catalonia, and Galicia) in 1988 and 1989, included 354 cases of histologically confirmed gastric adenocarcinoma and 354 controls matched by age, sex, and area of residence. Cases and controls were selected from 15 hospitals, representing most of the hospital facilities in the study areas. Usual diet was estimated by means of a dietary history questionnaire administered by interview. An increased risk of gastric cancer was observed for high consumption of exogenous nitrosamines (odds ratio = 2.1 for the highest quartile of consumption versus the lowest; <it>p</it> for linear trend = 0.007), nitrites, fat, and cholesterol. However, in a multivariate regression model, the effect of fat and cholesterol disappeared. An inverse association with the risk for gastric cancer was seen for high intake of fiber, vitamin C, folate, carotene, and nitrates. High consumption of vitamin C seemed to neutralize the increased risk related to simultaneous consumption of nitrosamines. For histologic type, the authors found no meaningful differences in the effect of most of the nutrients between intestinal and diffuse cancers. Their findings are consistent with previously reported results about the protective effect of fruit and vegetables and the increased risk associated with foods that are important sources of nitrites and preformed nitrosamines.
Oxford University Press
1994-03-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/139/5/466
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Copyright (C) 1994, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:139/5/4742015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:139:5
Greater Case-Fatality after Myocardial Infarction among Mexican Americans and Women than among Non-Hispanic Whites and Men: The Corpus Christi Heart Project
Golf, David C.
Ramsey, David J.
Labarthe, Darwin R.
Nichaman, Milton Z.
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS
Age-adjusted 28-day case-fatality rates were higher among Mexican Americans than among non-Hispanic whites and higher among women than among men hospitalized for definite or possible myocardial infarction in Corpus Christi, Nueces County, Texas, from May 1, 1988, through April 30, 1990. The authors therefore examined whether these higher case-fatality rates were associated with greater prevalence of previously diagnosed coronary heart disease or diabetes; with greater age, frequency of definite myocardial infarction, or congestive heart failure; with higher values of indicators of severity of infarction, including peak creatine phosphokinase levels and scales prognostic of early mortality after myocardial infarction; and with differences in receipt of in-hospital therapy. The overall 28-day case-fatality rate among 1,228 patients hospitalized for myocardial infarction during a 24-month period was 7.3%. After adjustment for age; diabetes; myocardial infarction class (definite vs. possible); congestive heart failure; the Norris and Peel severity indices; peak total creatine phosphokinase; and receipt of thrombolytic therapy, aspirin, calcium channel blockers, beta-blockers, anticoagulants, angioplasty, and bypass surgery, the risk of 28-day case-fatality for Mexican Americans in relation to non-Hispanic whites was 1.49 (95% confidence interval 0.92–2.40). The corresponding risk for women in relation to men was 1.80 (95% confidence interval 1.12%2.89). These findings should alert clinicians to the high-risk status of these groups of patients.
Oxford University Press
1994-03-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/139/5/474
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Copyright (C) 1994, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:139/5/4842015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:139:5
Ingested Inorganic Arsenic and Prevalence of Diabetes Mellitus
Lai, Mei-Shwu
Hsueh, Yu-Mei
Chen, Chien-Jen
Shyu, Mei-Pyng
Chen, Shu-Yuan
Kuo, Tsung-Li
Wu, Meei-Maan
Tai, Tong-Yuan
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS
To examine the association between ingested inorganic arsenic and prevalence of diabetes mellitus, in 1988, the authors studied 891 adults residing in villages in southern Taiwan where arseniasis is hyperendemic. The status of diabetes mellitus was determined by an oral glucose tolerance test and a history of diabetes regularly treated with sulfonylurea or insulin. The cumulative arsenic exposure in parts per million-years was calculated from the detailed history of residential addresses and duration of drinking artesian well water obtained through standardized interviews based on a structured questionnaire and the arsenic concentration in well water. The body mass index was derived from body height and weight measured according to a standard protocol, while the physical activity at work was also obtained by questionnaire interviews. Residents in villages where the chronic arseniasis was hyperendemic had a twofold increase in age-and sex-adjusted prevalence of diabetes mellitus compared with residents in Taipei City and the Taiwan area. There was a dose-response relation between cumulative arsenic exposure and prevalence of diabetes mellitus. The relation remained significant after adjustment for age, sex, body mass index, and activity level at work by a multiple logistic regression analysis giving a multivariate-adjusted odds ratio of 6.61 and 10.05, respectively, for those who had a cumulative arsenic exposure of 0.1–15.0 and greater than 15.0 ppm-year compared with those who were unexposed. These results suggest the chronic arsenic exposure may induce diabetes mellitus in humans.
Oxford University Press
1994-03-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/139/5/484
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Copyright (C) 1994, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:139/5/4932015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:139:5
Case-Control Study of Risk Factors for Hip Fractures in the Elderly
Cumming, Robert G.
Klineberg, Robin J.
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS
The objective of this population-based case-control study was to identify risk factors for hip fracture among elderly women and men, particularly factors during young and middle adult life. The study base comprised people aged 65 years and over living in a defined region in Sydney, Australia, during 1990–1991. Cases were recruited from 12 hospitals, and controls were selected using an area probability sampling method, with additional sampling from nursing homes. There were 416 subjects (209 cases and 207 controls); proxy respondents were needed for 27 percent of the subjects. Smoking, underweight in old age, overweight at age 20 years, and weight loss were associated with an increased risk of hip fracture. Consumption of dairy products, particularly at age 20 years, was associated with an increased risk of hip fracture in old age. Multivariate adjusted odds ratios for quintiles of dairy product consumption at age 20 years were 1.0 (lowest quintile), 0.8, 1.8, 3.4, 2.9 (highest quintile). Caffeine and alcohol intake were not associated with hip fracture risk. Some of the results of this study were unanticipated and may be due to chance or bias. If confirmed by other studies, these results would challenge some current approaches to hip fracture prevention.
Oxford University Press
1994-03-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/139/5/493
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Copyright (C) 1994, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:139/5/5042015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:139:5
Longitudinal Study of Borrelia burgdorferi Infection in New Jersey Outdoor Workers, 1988-1991
Schwartz, Brian S.
Goldstein, Michael D.
Childs, James E.
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS
From 1988 to 1991, annual questionnaires and serosurveys were performed in a cohort of outdoor workers in New Jersey at high risk for Lyme disease to 1) evaluate temporal trends in seroprevalence and seroconversion of antibody to <it>Borrelia burgdorferi; 2</it>) identify risk factors for <it>B.burgdorferi</it> seroconversion during these years; and 3) examine associations between such seroconversion in 1989–1990 and anti-tick saliva antibody (ATSA, a biologic marker of tick exposure) seropositivity in 1990. A total of 1,519 workers participated in at least 1 year of the study. Lyme disease seroprevalence and seroconversion increased from 1988 to 1990 and then decreased in 1991. Years at residence, rural residence, and a history of medical problems were observed to be risk factors for seroconversion from 1988 to 1991. An interaction between pet ownership and rural residence was observed in that rural residents were only at an elevated risk if they owned pets. <it>B. burgdorferi</it> seroconversion from 1989 to 1990 was associated with ATSA seropositivity in 1990; in subjects reporting low tick exposure, the odds ratio was 8.2 (95% confidence interval 1.5–44.7). Associations between ATSA and <it>B. burgdorferi</it> serologic status suggested that educational programs may have contributed to the decline in Lyme seroprevalence and seroconversion in 1991.
Oxford University Press
1994-03-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/139/5/504
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Copyright (C) 1994, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:139/5/5132015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:139:5
Seroprevalence of Helicobacter pylori Infections in a Cohort of US Army Recruits
Smoak, Bonnie L.
Kelley, Patrick W.
Taylor, David N.
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS
To study the prevalence and risk factors of <it>Helicobacter pylori</it> infectionin healthy young adults, sera were collected from a nationwide sample of 404 females and 534 males (mean age, 20.2; range, 17–26 years) at induction into the US Army at Fort Jackson, South Carolina, during the fall of 1990. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (PYLORI STAT, BioWhittaker, Inc., Walkersville, MD) was used to detect <it>H. pylori</it>-specific immunoglobulin G antibodies. Demographic data were obtained from a personnel database and by linking US census information to the subject's home address. The observed crude seropositivity rate was 26.3% (95% confidence interval 23.2–28.9). The direct sex-, race-, and geographic region-adjusted seropositivity rate was 20.8% (95% confidence interval 17.9–23.7). Seropositivity rates for blacks, Hispanics, and whites were 44%, 38%, and 14%, respectively, (<it>X</it>2, <it>P</it> < 0.001), and rates increased progressively from 24% in the age group 17–18 years to 43% in the age group 24–26 years (<it>X</it>2 for trend, <it>P</it> < 0.001). The age trends remained strong after controlling for race Median income was also an important predictive variable for seropositivity (<it>X</it>2, <it>P</it> < 0.0001). Sex, the percent urbanization, and population density of the home county were not significant predictors of seropositivity when age and race-ethnic group were controlled in a statistical model. The sharp increase in seroprevalence in this narrow age range suggests that the incidence rates are higher in young adults than previously reported.
Oxford University Press
1994-03-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/139/5/513
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Copyright (C) 1994, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:139/5/5202015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:139:5
Risk Factors for Transmission of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in a Primary School Outbreak: Lack of Racial Difference in Susceptibility to Infection
Hoge, Charles W.
Fisher, Linda
Donnell, H. Denny
Dodson, Douglas R.
Tomlinson, G. Victor
Breiman, Robert F.
Bloch, Alan B.
Good, Robert C.
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS
Recent data have suggested that there are racial differences in the susceptibility to infection by <it>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</it>. An opportunity to test this suggestion was afforded by an outbreak of tuberculosis in a racially mixed elementary school in St. Louis County, Missouri. A physical education teacher was discovered to have cavitary pulmonary tuberculosis. Of 343 students in the school, 176 (51 percent) were found to be tuberculin skin test positive (≥5 mm induration by Mantoux method); 32 children had abnormal chest radiographs. More frequent contact with the physical education teacher was associated with infection (p < 0.001). Black children were no more likely to be infected than were white children (relative risk (RR) = 0.98,95% confidence interval (Cl) 0.78–1.22). However, black children who were tuberculin positive had larger skin reactions than did white children (mean, 18.9 vs. 16.6 mm, <it>p</it> < 0.001) and were more likely to have abnormal chest radiographs (RR = 2.76, 95% Cl 1.44–5.27). Among tuberculinpositive children, low body mass index (less than 10th percentile) was associated with active disease (RR = 2.90, 95% Cl 1.45–5.80). The analysis of race was unchanged after controlling for sex, body build, and level of contact with the physical education teacher. Widespread tuberculous infection resulted from contact with a highly infectious staff person. Thin body build was a risk factor for active disease. Black children were no more susceptible to infection than were white children, although they more commonly developed radiographic evidence of active disease.
Oxford University Press
1994-03-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/139/5/520
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Copyright (C) 1994, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:139/5/5312015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:139:5
Invited Commentary: Relative Susceptibility of Black Americans to Tuberculosis
Stead, William W.
Lofgren, J. P.
Senner, John W.
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS
Oxford University Press
1994-03-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/139/5/531
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Copyright (C) 1994, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:139/5/5332015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:139:5
Reply to "Invited Commentary: Relative Susceptibility of Black Americans to Tuberculosis"
Hoge, Charles W.
Fisher, Linda
Donnell, H. Denny
Dodson, Douglas R.
Tomlinson, G. Victor
Breiman, Robert F.
Bloch, Alan B.
Good, Robert C.
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS
Oxford University Press
1994-03-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/139/5/533
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Copyright (C) 1994, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:139/5/5352015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:139:5
How to Find a Wombmate: Validation of an Algorithm to Identify Twin Pairs in Linked Birth/Infant Death Files
Powers, William F.
Kiely, John L.
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS
Linked Birth/Infant Death Files available from the National Center for Health Statistics identify an infant as a twin, but do not identify twin pairs. An algorithm based on maternal, paternal, and infant characteristics has been used to identify twin pairs, but the validity of this algorithm has never been tested. The Missouri linked birth/infant death file from 1980 to 1990 identifies twin pairs by a sequence number. The authors tested the rate and accuracy with which the algorithm identified true pairs in the Missouri file and whether estimates of risk and possible risk factors calculated from pairs of twins identified by the algorithm agreed with these characteristics as calculated from known twin pairs. The algorithm identified 96% (8,273 of 8,620) of true pairs and one false pair. Despite incomplete pair identification, and even identification of a false pair, estimates from the subset identified by the algorithm generally agreed well with characteristics measured from all twin pairs. Nonetheless, incorporation of a multiple birth sequence number into Linked Birth/Infant Death Files would enhance their utility.
Oxford University Press
1994-03-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/139/5/535
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Copyright (C) 1994, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:139/5/5412015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:139:5
RE: "INCREASED RISK OF BREAST CANCER WITH ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION IN POSTMENOPAUSAL WOMEN"
Friedenreich, Christine M.
LETTERS TO THE EDITOR
Oxford University Press
1994-03-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/139/5/541
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Copyright (C) 1994, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:139/5/5422015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:139:5
RE: "CHILD CARE INCREASES THE RISK OF CLINIC VISITS FOR ACUTE DIARRHEA AND DIARRHEA DUE TO ROTAVIRUS"
Ennever, Fanny K.
Paskett, Electra D.
LETTERS TO THE EDITOR
Oxford University Press
1994-03-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/139/5/542
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Copyright (C) 1994, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:139/5/5432015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:139:5
RE: "BLOOD LEAD AS A CARDIOVASCULAR RISK FACTOR"
Hense, Hans W.
Filipiak, Birgit
Keil, Ulrich
LETTERS TO THE EDITOR
Oxford University Press
1994-03-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/139/5/543
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Copyright (C) 1994, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:139/5/544-a2015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:139:5
RE: "ALCOHOL AND MORTALITY IN BUSSELTON, WESTERN AUSTRALIA"
Ferrence, Roberta G.
Bondy, Susan
LETTERS TO THE EDITOR
Oxford University Press
1994-03-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/139/5/544-a
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Copyright (C) 1994, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:139/5/5442015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:139:5
THE AUTHORS REPLY
Møller, Lars
Kristensen, Tage S.
LETTERS TO THE EDITOR
Oxford University Press
1994-03-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/139/5/544
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Copyright (C) 1994, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:139/5/5452015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:139:5
THE FIRST TWO AUTHORS REPLY
Cullen, Kevin
Knuiman, Mat
LETTERS TO THE EDITOR
Oxford University Press
1994-03-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/139/5/545
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Copyright (C) 1994, Oxford University Press