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oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:141/5/3852015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:141:5
Invited Commentary on "The Distribution of Incubation Periods of Infectious Disease"
Armenian, Haroutune K.
ARTICLES
Oxford University Press
1995-03-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/141/5/385
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Copyright (C) 1995, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:141/5/3862015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:141:5
THE DISTRIBUTION OF INCUBATION PERIODS Of INFECTIOUS DISEASE
SARTWELL, PHILIP E.
HISTORICAL PAPER
Oxford University Press
1995-03-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/141/5/386
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Copyright (C) 1995, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:141/5/3952015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:141:5
The Spectrum of Medical Conditions and Symptoms before Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome in Homosexual and Bisexual Men Infected with the Human Immunodeficiency Virus
Holmberg, Scott D.
Buchbinder, Susan P.
Conley, Lois J.
Wong, Leeyang C.
Katz, Mitchell H.
Penley, Kent A.
Hershow, Ronald C.
Judson, Franklyn N.
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS
The full range and occurrence of medical conditions in persons infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) before they develop illnesses that define acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) have not been systematically or completely described. In a retrospective and prospective cohort study, 1,073 homosexual and bisexual men in three US cities were interviewed and examined twice per year from January 1988 to September 1992. Study participants were from San Francisco, California (273 HIV-seropositive and 432 HIV-seronegative men), Denver, Colorado (107 positive and 129 negative men), and Chicago, Illinois (54 positive and 78 negative men). A total of 305 HIV-positive men had specifiable dates of HIV seroconversion (mean of 15.3 months between the last negative and the first positive HIV antibody test). Besides much increased incidences of thrush (incidence relative risk (IRR) = 23.3) and hairy leukoplakia (IRR = 551), the following conditions also occurred significantly more frequently in HIV-positive men than in HIV-negative men: anal herpes (incidence density (ID) = 10.7/100 person-years; IRR = 7.7); sinusitis requiring antibiotics (ID = 6.2/100 person-years; IRR = 2.1); anal warts (ID = 5.8/100 person-years; IRR = 2.7); seborrhea (ID = 3.8/100 person-years; IRR = 6.6); community-acquired pneumonia (ID = 1.4/100 person-years; IRR = 2.7); skin cancers (ID = 1.0/100 person-years; IRR = 2.2); and seizures, often apparently “breaking through” prior anticonvulsant therapy (ID = 0.8/100 person-years; IRR = 5.6). First episodes of hairy leukoplakia, thrush, and skin cancer occurred at low mean CD4 counts (mean counts were less than 350 cells/μl) and late in HIV infection (mean times were more than 8 years after HIV seroconversion). Many medical problems, some not widely appreciated, occur in HIV-infected men before they develop AIDS-defining illnesses, signifying considerable morbidity from pre-AIDS HIV infection.
Oxford University Press
1995-03-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/141/5/395
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Copyright (C) 1995, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:141/5/4052015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:141:5
Invited Commentary: Early Symptoms of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection
Fessel, W. Jeffrey
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS
Oxford University Press
1995-03-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/141/5/405
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Copyright (C) 1995, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:141/5/4072015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:141:5
Lactose and Galactose Intake and Metabolism in Relation to the Risk of Epithelial Ovarian Cancer
Herrinton, Lisa J.
Weiss, Noel S.
Beresford, Shirley A. A.
Stanford, Janet L.
Wolfla, Dian M.
Feng, Ziding
Scott, C. Ronald
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS
It has been suggested that aspects of lactose consumption and metabolism favoring a relatively high tissue level of galactose-1-phosphate may predispose women to ovarian cancer. The authors sought to examine this hypothesis in a study of 108 18- to 74-year-old Caucasian residents of a three-county area of western Washington who were diagnosed with stage I ovarian cancer during 1989–1991, and 108 age- and race-matched controls. Lactose and galactose intake, measured using a food frequency questionnaire, had been hypothesized to increase risk, but were somewhat lower among the cases than among the controls (75th percentile of lactose intake vs. 25th: odds ratio (OR) = 0.80, 95% confidence interval (Cl) 0.52–1.2; of galactose intake: OR = 0.71, 95% Cl 0.48–1.1). Intestinal lactase activity, also hypothesized to have a positive relation with ovarian cancer occurrence, was measured with an oral lactose challenge followed by determination of urinary galactose; no evidence that it was related to the disease was found (75th percentile of excreted galactose vs. 25th: OR = 0.87, 95% Cl 0.62–1.2). Galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase (transferase), the enzyme responsible for the metabolism of galactose-1-phosphate, was measured in erythrocytes; no deficit in cases was observed (75th percentile of transferase activity vs. 25th: OR = 1.3, 95% Cl 0.80–2.1). There was also no excess of cases carrying low-activity genetic variants of the transferase enzyme (lower-activity variants vs. higher-activity variants: OR = 0.61, 95% Cl 0.21–1.7). These results do not support the hypothesis that aspects of lactose and galactose intake and metabolism have a bearing on the etiology of ovarian cancer.
Oxford University Press
1995-03-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/141/5/407
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Copyright (C) 1995, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:141/5/4172015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:141:5
Cigarette Smoking and Spontaneous Abortion of Known Karyotype: Precise Data but Uncertain Inferences
Kline, Jennie
Levin, Bruce
Kinney, Ann
Stein, Zena
Susser, Mervyn
Warburton, Dorothy
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS
Data from the first phase (1974–1979) of this New York City case-control study showed that 1) cigarette smoking during pregnancy was associated positively with chromosomally normal spontaneous abortion and 2) both past and current smoking were associated inversely with trisomic loss in women under age 30 years and positively in older women. The authors used data from two subsequent study phases (1979–1982 and 1982–1986) to test the stability of these associations over time and the homogeneity between payment groups (private vs. public). Spontaneous abortions (cases) were classified as chromosomally normal (<it>n</it> = 1,388), trisomic (<it>n</it> = 557), or other chromosomally aberrant (<it>n</it> = 409). Controls (<it>n</it> = 4,165) were women who had registered for prenatal care before 22 weeks' gestation and delivered at 28 weeks or later. For chromosomally normal loss, later data gave modest support to prior observations. In the total sample, current smoking (defined as smoking during the month of the last menstrual period) of 14 or more cigarettes per day was increased among chromosomally normal cases in comparison with controls (adjusted odds ratio (OR) = 1.3,95% confidence interval (Cl) 1.1–1.7) and in comparison with other aberrant cases (adjusted OR = 1.2, 95% Cl 0.8–1.8). Stronger associations in public patients than in private patients (adjusted odds ratios of 1.4–1.5 versus 0.8–0.9, respectively) might indicate either a mediating effect of social disadvantage or a chance fluctuation. For trisomic loss, later data did not support prior observations. Associations between trisomy and past or current smoking did not vary significantly with age in either payment group; assuming no effect modification of age, adjusted odds ratios for smoking in relation to trisomy were 0.9–1.0.
Oxford University Press
1995-03-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/141/5/417
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Copyright (C) 1995, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:141/5/4282015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:141:5
Cardiovascular Risk Factors among Third Grade Children in Four Regions of the United States: The CATCH Study
Webber, Larry S.
Osganian, Voula
Luepker, Russell V.
Feldman, Henry A.
Stone, Elaine J.
Elder, John P.
Perry, Cheryl L.
Nader, Philip R.
Parcel, Guy S.
Broyles, Shelia L.
McKinlay, Sonja M.
CATCH Study Group,
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS
Data on cardiovascular risk factors (body mass index, triceps and subscapular skinfolds, blood pressure, serum total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, and apolipoprotein B) were collected as part of the baseline examination (fall 1991) of the Child and Adolescent Trial for Cardiovascular Health, a multicenter school-based intervention study for promoting healthful behaviors. A total of 5,106 third grade children (mean age, 8.76 years) in four states (California, Louisiana, Minnesota, and Texas) were examined. After excluding 194 children of other or unknown origin, the study population consisted of 3,530 Anglo-American children, 674 African-American children, and 708 Latino children. African-American children were the tallest by 1–3 cm (<it>p</it> <0.0001), while Latino children had the largest body mass index (<it>p</it> <0.05). Blood pressure levels were similar for boys and girls and among the three races, but systolic levels were 2 mmHg higher in Texas than at the other sites. Serum total cholesterol levels were 5 mg/dl higher in girls than in boys (<it>p</it> <0.05), while HDL cholesterol levels were 2 mg/dl higher in boys (<it>p</it> <0.05). HDL cholesterol levels were highest in African-Americans (55.5 mg/dl) compared with Anglo-Americans (50.7 mg/dl) and Latinos (51.3 mg/dl) (<it>p</it> <0.0001).
Oxford University Press
1995-03-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/141/5/428
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Copyright (C) 1995, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:141/5/4402015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:141:5
Relations between Antioxidant Vitamins in Adipose Tissue, Plasma, and Diet
Kardinaal, Alwine F. M.
van't Veer, Pieter
Brants, Henny A. M.
van den Berg, Henk
van Schoonhoven, Jan
Hermus, Rudolph J. J.
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS
For an evaluation of fat-soluble vitamin concentrations in adipose tissue as biomarkers of intake, estimates of usual intake of β-carotene, total vitamin A, and vitamin E (assessed by food frequency questionnaire) were compared with plasma and adipose tissue concentrations of β-carotene, retinol, and α-tocopherol, respectively. Data were collected in 1992 in the Netherlands for 85 healthy, nonsmoking volunteers aged 50–70 years (38 males and 47 females). For α-tocopherol, a significant age- and sex-adjusted partial correlation (<it>r</it> = 0.24, <it>p</it> < 0.05) was observed between adipose tissue levels and intake. For β-carotene, the partial <it>r</it> was 0.20. Adipose tissue retinol did not reflect intake (partial <it>r</it> = 0.08). Correlations of adipose tissue vitamin levels with plasma vitamin levels were higher overall (<it>r</it> = 0.34 for α-tocopherol, <it>r</it> = 0.56 for β-carotene, and <it>r</it> = 0.17 for retinol) than correlations with intake. Plasma concentrations of α-tocopherol, β-carotene, and retinol were not associated with dietary intake (partial <it>r</it>'s were 0.05, 0.17, and −0.12, respectively). Pearson correlations of repeated measurements in adipose tissue (after 4 months) were 0.24 for retinol, 0.50 for β-carotene, and 0.78 for α-tocopherol. Adipose tissue β-carotene was shown to increase sixfold after 6 months' supplementation with 30 mg of β-carotene daily. It is concluded that adipose tissue vitamin concentrations are an acceptable alternative to plasma levels as relatively stable indicators of dietary intake. However, both plasma and adipose tissue levels are more useful as markers of internal dose, taking into account variations in absorption and metabolism, than of dietary intake.
Oxford University Press
1995-03-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/141/5/440
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Copyright (C) 1995, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:141/5/4512015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:141:5
Spouse Support and Long-term Adherence to Lipid-lowering Diets
Bovbjerg, Viktor E.
McCann, Barbara S.
Brief, Deborah J.
Follette, William C.
Retzlaff, Barbara M.
Dowdy, Alice A.
Walden, Carolyn E.
Knopp, Robert H.
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS
Social support is inversely associated with heart disease risk. Support may influence heart disease by encouraging health behavior change in high-risk individuals. This study examined the association between spouse support and maintenance of low-fat diets in men with hypercholesterolemia. Participants were 254 men enrolled in a 24-month randomized trial of lipid-lowering diets initiated in 1985 in Seattle, Washington. The Evaluation of Spouse Support, which assesses the extent to which spouses supported maintenance of lipid-lowering diets, was administered after the last of eight dietary classes and at 3, 12, and 24 months postinstruction. Attainment of dietary goals was determined from food records completed at the end of the class and at 3, 12, and 24 months. Compared with those in the lowest quartile, those in the highest quartile of support were more likely to attain dietary goals at 3 months (odds ratio (OR) = 4.5, 95% confidence interval (Cl) 1.9–10.4), 12 months (OR = 5.5, 95% Cl 2.4–12.5), and 24 months (OR = 3.9, 95% Cl 1.7–9.3). Support was not associated with end-of-class dietary goal achievement. Social support may be an important factor in the maintenance of low-fat diets.<it>Am J Epidemiol</it> 1995;141:451–60.
Oxford University Press
1995-03-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/141/5/451
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Copyright (C) 1995, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:141/5/4612015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:141:5
Weight Variability Effects: A Prospective Analysis from the Stanford Five-City Project
Taylor, C. Barr
Jatulis, Darius E.
Fortmann, Stephen P.
Kraemer, Helena C.
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS
For determination of the effects of weight variability on cardiovascular risk factors, a random community sample of 269 men and 361 women aged 25–74 years, drawn from the Stanford Five-City Project, was followed for up to 10 years (1979–1989). Systolic and diastolic blood pressure, total and high density lipoprotein cholesterol, and pulse were measured. Body mass index slope (BMI-slope) was determined by regressing five BMI values on time for each individual. BMI variability was defined as the root mean square error (BMI-RMSE) of a regression line fitted to each individual's BMI values over time. The slopes of the five cardiovascular risk factors were most strongly related to the baseline value of each risk factor and BMI-slope in both men and women. Neither BMI-RMSE nor the interaction of BMI-RMSE with BMI-slope was related to risk factor slopes. In this population, BMI variability had little impact on cardiovascular risk factors compared with BMI-slope and baseline BMI.
Oxford University Press
1995-03-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/141/5/461
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Copyright (C) 1995, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:141/5/4662015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:141:5
Competing Causes of Death: An Analysis using Multiple-Cause-of-Death Data from The Netherlands
Mackenbach, J. P.
Kunst, A. E.
Lautenbach, H.
Bijlsma, F.
Oei, Y. B.
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS
The standard methodology for cause-elimination life tables assumes that the various causes of death are statistically unrelated to one another, so that the mortality risks of those who are saved from an eliminated cause equal the risks of dying from other causes which are observed for the general population. In the analysis reported in this paper, data on multiple causes of death for the year 1990 in the Netherlands were used to investigate whether this is likely to be a valid assumption. For four groups of underlying causes of death (malignant neoplasms, cardiovascular diseases, respiratory diseases, and external causes), the age-standardized prevalence at death of other conditions was calculated. Two series of calculations were performed: one with all other coded conditions present at death and one with a selection of conditions that were eligible to become the new underlying cause of death after the present underlying cause had been eliminated. The results suggested that there are major differences between underlying causes of death in the prevalence at death of other conditions. According to the second series of calculations, the prevalence of possible new underlying causes of death was relatively high among persons who died from cardiovascular diseases; about average for persons who died from respiratory diseases; and relatively low for persons who died from malignant neoplasms and external causes. Although studies validating the multiple-cause-of-death data as they appear in the official statistics are necessary, these results reconfirm that this is a potentially rich source of information and that the assumption made in conventional cause-elimination life tables is unlikely to be valid.
Oxford University Press
1995-03-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/141/5/466
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Copyright (C) 1995, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:141/5/4762015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:141:5
RE: "TOTAL SERUM TESTOSTERONE AND GONADOTROPINS IN WORKERS EXPOSED TO DIOXIN"
James, William H.
LETTERS TO THE EDITOR
Oxford University Press
1995-03-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/141/5/476
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Copyright (C) 1995, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:141/5/477-a2015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:141:5
THE AUTHORS REPLY
Egeland, Grace M.
Sweeney, Marie H.
Fingerhut, Marilyn A.
Wille, Kathleen K.
Schnorr, Teresa M.
Halperin, William E.
LETTERS TO THE EDITOR
Oxford University Press
1995-03-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/141/5/477-a
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Copyright (C) 1995, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:141/5/4772015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:141:5
RE: "TOTAL SERUM TESTOSTERONE AND GONADOTROPINS IN WORKERS EXPOSED TO DIOXIN"
Edgren, Richard A.
LETTERS TO THE EDITOR
Oxford University Press
1995-03-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/141/5/477
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Copyright (C) 1995, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:141/5/4782015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:141:5
RE: "GREATER CASE-FATALITY AFTER MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION AMONG MEXICAN AMERICANS AND WOMEN THAN AMONG NON-HISPANIC WHITES AND MEN: THE CORPUS CHRISTI HEART PROJECT"
Blumberg, Mark S.
LETTERS TO THE EDITOR
Oxford University Press
1995-03-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/141/5/478
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Copyright (C) 1995, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:141/5/4792015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:141:5
THE AUTHORS REPLY
Goff, David C.
Ramsey, David J.
Labarthe, Darwin R.
Nichaman, Milton Z.
LETTERS TO THE EDITOR
Oxford University Press
1995-03-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/141/5/479
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Copyright (C) 1995, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:141/5/4802015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:141:5
RE: "ALCOHOL, SMOKING, COFFEE, AND CIRRHOSIS" AND "COFFEE AND SERUM GAMMA-GLUTAMYLTRANSFERASE: A STUDY OF SELF-DEFENSE OFFICIALS IN JAPAN"
Sharp, Dan S.
Benowitz, Neal L.
LETTERS TO THE EDITOR
Oxford University Press
1995-03-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/141/5/480
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Copyright (C) 1995, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:141/5/481-a2015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:141:5
DR. KONO REPLIES
Kono, Suminori
LETTERS TO THE EDITOR
Oxford University Press
1995-03-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/141/5/481-a
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Copyright (C) 1995, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:141/5/4812015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:141:5
KLATSKY AND ARMSTRONG REPLY
Klatsky, Arthur L.
Armstrong, Mary Anne
LETTERS TO THE EDITOR
Oxford University Press
1995-03-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/141/5/481
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Copyright (C) 1995, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:141/5/4832015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:141:5
BOOK REVIEWS
Mann, Anthony
BOOK REVIEWS
Oxford University Press
1995-03-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/141/5/483
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Copyright (C) 1995, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:141/5/4852015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:141:5
BOOK REVIEWS
Rhoades, Everett R.
BOOK REVIEWS
Oxford University Press
1995-03-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/141/5/485
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Copyright (C) 1995, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:141/5/4862015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:141:5
BOOK REVIEWS
Spector, Tim
BOOK REVIEWS
Oxford University Press
1995-03-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/141/5/486
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Copyright (C) 1995, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:141/5/4872015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:141:5
BOOK REVIEWS
Rijcken, Bert
BOOK REVIEWS
Oxford University Press
1995-03-01 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/141/5/487
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Copyright (C) 1995, Oxford University Press