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oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:144/2/1112015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:144:2
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome and Local Meteorologic Temperature in North Carolina
Leiss, Jack K.
Suchindran, C.M.
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS
The association between meteorologic temperature and sudden infant death syndrome was investigated in the 1982–1983 North Carolina birth cohort. Maximum daily temperatures recorded at weather stations in the subject's county of residence for each day of the first year of life were entered into hazards models as time-dependent covariates. Risk ratios for a maximum temperature of <53�F (12�C) 5 days before the event compared with a maximum temperature of >53�F were 2.3 (95% confidence interval 1.6–3.3) for blacks and 1.5 (95% confidence interval 1.0–2.1) for whites. Similar results were found for minimum daily temperature. The analysis controlled for season of birth, sex, maternal age, maternal education, parity, and birth weight. <it>Am J Epidemiol</it> 1996; 144: 111–15.
Oxford University Press
1996-07-15 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/144/2/111
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a008897
en
Copyright (C) 1996, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:144/2/1162015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:144:2
Comparison of Weight- and Height-based Indices for Assessing the Risk of Death in Severely Malnourished Children
Prudhon, C.
Briend, A.
Laurier, D.
Golden, M. H. N.
Mary, J. Y.
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS
To compare the effectiveness of treating malnourished children in different centers, the authors believe there is a need to have a simple method of adjusting mortality rates so that differences in the nutritional status of the children are taken into account. The authors compared different anthropometric indices based on weight and height to predict the risk of death among severely malnourished children. Anthropometric data from 1,047 children who survived were compared with those of 147 children who died during treatment in therapeutic feeding centers set up in African countries in 1993. The optimal ratio of weight to height determined by logistic regression was weight (kg)/height (m)1.74 (95% confidence interval of β estimate 1.65–1.84). The receiver operating curves (sensitivity vs. specificity) showed that the body mass index (weight (kg)/height (m)2), optimal ratio of weight to height, and weight/height index expressed as the percentage of the median of the National Center for Health Statistics' standard were equivalent and superior to the weight/height index expressed as the z score of the National Center for Health Statistics' standard to predict death. As the optimal ratio of weight to height is easier to calculate than the weight/height index expressed as the percentage of the median or z score and does not depend upon either standards or tables, the optimal ratio of weight to height could be conveniently used to adjust mortality rates for nutritional status in therapeutic feeding centers. <it>Am J Epidemiol</it> 1996; 144: 116–23.
Oxford University Press
1996-07-15 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/144/2/116
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a008898
en
Copyright (C) 1996, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:144/2/1242015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:144:2
Nutrition and Subsequent Hip Fracture Risk among a National Cohort of White Women
Huang, Zhiping
Himes, John H.
McGovem, Paul G.
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS
This study investigated three aspects of general nutritional status (dietary intake, biochemical markers, and anthropometric measurements) in relation to subsequent hip fracture risk by using prospective data from the First National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES I) epidemiologic follow-up studies. A cohort of 2,513 white women 45 years and over who participated in the NHANES I survey in 1971–1975 were subsequently followed in the three follow-up studies in 1982–1984, 1986, and 1987, respectively. Multiple nutritional variables were measured at baseline, and 130 incident hip fractures were identified by hospital records or by death certificates during the follow-up period. Cox regression analyses showed that baseline dietary energy intake; serum albumin; and weight, body mass index, skinfold, and arm muscle area were significantly and inversely related to subsequent hip fracture risk (relative risks for a 1-standard deviation increment in these variables ranged from 0.68 to 0.83). The authors suggest that poor nutritional status, evident in inadequate dietary intake, reduced serum albumin, and decreased body mass and soft tissues, increases the risk for subsequent hip fracture. The study also showed that age and previous fracture history were significant risk factors; however, self-reported physical activity, parity, and alcohol use were not significantly related to subsequent hip fracture. <it>Am J Epidemiol</it> 1996; 144: 124–34.
Oxford University Press
1996-07-15 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/144/2/124
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a008899
en
Copyright (C) 1996, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:144/2/1352015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:144:2
Successful Aging: Predictors and Associated Activities
Strawbridge, William J.
Cohen, Richard D.
Shema, Sarah J.
Kaplan, George A.
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS
Six-year predictors of successful aging were analyzed for 356 Alameda County Study men and women aged 65–95 years measured prospectively in 1984 and followed to 1990. Successful aging was defined as needing no assistance nor having difficulty on any of 13 activity/mobility measures plus little or no difficulty on five physical performance measures. After adjusting for baseline successful aging, sex, and age, the authors found that 1984 predictors of 1990 successful aging included income above the lowest quintile (odds ratio (OR) = 2.01, 95% confidence interval (Cl) 0.99–4.11), >12 years of education (OR = 1.67, 95% Cl 0.98–2.84), white ethnicity (OR = 2.12, 95% Cl 0.93–4.86), diabetes (OR = 0.10, 95% Cl 0.01–0.79), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (OR = 0.41, 95% Cl 0.17–0.97), arthritis (OR = 0.43, 95% Cl 0.26–0.71), and hearing problems (OR = 0.48, 95% Cl 0.25–0.89). Adjusting for all variables, the authors found that behavioral and psychosocial predictors included the absence of depression (OR = 1.94, 95% Cl 1.10–3.42), having close personal contacts (OR = 1.82, 95% Cl 1.05–3.18), and often walks for exercise (OR = 1.77, 95% Cl 1.00–3.12). Cross-sectional comparisons at follow-up revealed significantly higher community involvement, physical activity, and mental health for those aging successfully. <it>Am J Epidemiol</it> 1996; 144: 135–41.
Oxford University Press
1996-07-15 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/144/2/135
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a008900
en
Copyright (C) 1996, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:144/2/1422015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:144:2
Circulating Anti-Helicobacter pylori Immunoglobulin A Antibodies and Low Serum Pepsinogen I Level Are Associated with Increased Risk of Gastric Cancer
Aromaa, Arpo
Kosunen, Timo U.
Knekt, Paul
Maatela, Jouni
Teppo, Lyly
Heinonen, Olli P.
Härkönen, Matti
Hakama, Matti K.
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS
<it>Helicobacter pylori</it> infection has been suggested to be associated with an increased risk of gastric cancer, and low levels of serum pepsinogen I (PG I) have been linked to atrophic gastritis, which is a risk factor for gastric cancer. In Finland, 39,268 persons from 25 cohorts participated during 1968–1972 in a health examination survey and were followed for up to 13 years. A nested case-control study was performed on 84 stomach cancer patients identified from the Finnish Cancer Registry and 146 controls matched for age, sex, and municipality. Serum samples drawn at the baseline study were analyzed. An elevated level of serum anti-<it>H. pylori</it> immunoglobulin A (IgA) antibodies (a titer >70) and a low serum PG I level (<49 μg/liter) were associated with an increased risk of gastric cancer. The odds ratios were 2.52 (95% confidence interval (Cl) 1.14–5.57) for high IgA and 2.68 (95% Cl 1.35–5.30) for low PG I. For high immunoglobulin G (>IgG) (>700), the odds ratio was only 1.50 (95% Cl 0.70–3.22). When both high IgA and low PG I were present, the odds ratio was 5.96 (95% Cl 2.02–17.57). The association of <it>H. pylori</it> infection with cancer became stronger with longer follow-up times, whereas that of low PG I was strongest at shorter follow-up times. Our findings support the hypothesis that <it>H. pylori</it> infection is a prevalent and potentially preventable cause of gastric cancer. They stress the value of IgA antibody determinations and provide new evidence for a pathogenesis leading from prolonged infection through atrophic gastritis to gastric cancer. <it>Am J Epidemiol</it> 1996; 144: 142–9.
Oxford University Press
1996-07-15 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/144/2/142
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a008901
en
Copyright (C) 1996, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:144/2/1502015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:144:2
Leukemia following Occupational Exposure to 60-Hz Electric and Magnetic Fields among Ontario Electric Utility Workers
Miller, Anthony B.
To, Teresa
Agnew, David A.
Wall, Claus
Green, Lois M.
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS
In a nested case-control study of 1,484 cancer cases and 2,179 matched controls from a cohort of 31,543 Ontario Hydro male employees, the authors evaluated associations of cancer risk with electric field exposure and reevaluated the previously reported findings for magnetic fields. Pensioners were followed from January 1, 1970, and active workers (including those who left the corporation) from January 1, 1973, with both groups followed through December 31, 1988. Exposures to electric and magnetic fields and to potential occupational confounders were estimated through job exposure matrices. Odds ratios were elevated for hematopoietic malignancies with cumulative electric field exposure. After adjustment, the odds ratio for leukemia in the upper tertile was 4.45 (95% confidence interval (Cl) 1.01–19.7). Odds ratios were also elevated for acute nonlymphoid leukemia, acute myeloid leukemia, and chronic lymphoid leukemia. For cumulative magnetic field exposure, there were similar elevations that fell with adjustment. Evaluation of the combined effect of electric and magnetic fields for leukemia showed significant elevations of risk for high exposure to both, with a dose-response relation for increasing exposure to electric fields and an inconsistent effect for magnetic fields. There was some evidence of a nonsignificant association for brain cancer and benign brain tumors with magnetic fields. For lung cancer, the odds ratio for high exposure to electric and magnetic fields was 1.84 (95% Cl 0.69–4.94). <it>Am J Epidemiol</it> 1996; 144: 150–60.
Oxford University Press
1996-07-15 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/144/2/150
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a008902
en
Copyright (C) 1996, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:144/2/1612015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:144:2
Oral Contraceptive Use and Risk of Breast Cancer in Middle-aged Women
Rossing, Mary Anne
Stanford, Janet L.
Weiss, Noel S.
Habel, Laurel A.
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS
The authors used data from a population-based, case-control study of breast cancer conducted among women residing in King County, Washington State, who were 50–64 years of age in 1988–1990, to examine the relation of oral contraceptive use to the risk of breast cancer. There were no clear differences between cases and controls with respect to the total duration of oral contraceptive use, time since last use, or age at first or last use. While a small increase in risk was noted in women who had first used oral contraceptives within 20 years of the interview reference date, within that period there was no trend in risk observed with decreasing amounts of time since the last use of these agents. Overall, this study supports the absence of any strong association between oral contraceptive use and breast cancer risk during middle age in the cohort of women who first used these drugs. <it>Am J Epidemiol</it> 1996; 144: 161–4.
Oxford University Press
1996-07-15 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/144/2/161
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a008903
en
Copyright (C) 1996, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:144/2/1652015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:144:2
Intake of Vitamins A, C, and E and Postmenopausal Breast Cancer: The Iowa Women's Health Study
Kushi, Lawrence H.
Fee, Rebecca M.
Sellers, Thomas A.
Zheng, Wei
Folsom, Aaron R.
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS
The association between dietary antioxidant vitamin intake and the risk of breast cancer was examined in a prospective study of 34,387 postmenopausal women in Iowa. Intakes of vitamins A, C, and E and of retinol and carotenoids were assessed in 1986 by mailed semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire. Through December 31, 1992, 879 incident breast cancer cases occurred in this cohort. There was little suggestion that breast cancer risk was associated with differences in intake of these vitamins. For example, from the lowest to highest total vitamin A intake categorized by quintiles, the age-adjusted relative risks of breast cancer were 1.0, 0.95, 1.17, 1.20, and 0.90 (<it>p</it> trend = 0.92). Similarly unremarkable relative risk patterns were seen for the intakes of vitamins C and E and of retinol and carotenoids. These findings were not altered after adjustment for breast cancer risk factors or in analyses confined to women who reported no supplemental vitamin intake. Exclusion of cases that occurred in the first 2 years of follow-up, under the assumption that women may have increased intake of these vitamins in response to preclinical symptoms of breast cancer, did not suggest an inverse association of these vitamins with the risk of breast cancer. Women who reported consuming at least 500 mg/day of supplemental vitamin C had a relative risk of breast cancer of 0.79 compared with women who did not take supplemental vitamin C, and women who reported consuming more than 10, 000 lU/day of vitamin A had a corresponding relative risk of 0.73. However, these relative risks were not statistically significant. These results provide little evidence that intake of these vitamins is associated with breast cancer risk. <it>Am J Epidemiol</it> 1996; 144: 165–74.
Oxford University Press
1996-07-15 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/144/2/165
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a008904
en
Copyright (C) 1996, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:144/2/1752015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:144:2
Tea Consumption and Cancer Incidence in a Prospective Cohort Study of Postmenopausal Women
Zheng, Wei
Doyle, Timothy J.
Kushi, Lawrence H.
Sellers, Thomas A.
Hong, Ching-Ping
Folsom, Aaron R.
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS
Tea has consistently been shown to inhibit the occurrence of tumors in experimental animals. The evidence for such a beneficial effect in humans, however, is limited. The authors examined the association between non-herbal tea consumption and cancer incidence in a prospective cohort study of 35, 369 postmenopausal Iowa women. In this cohort, information on the frequency of tea drinking and other dietary and lifestyle factors was collected by mailed survey in 1986. After 8 years of follow-up, 2,936 incident non-skin cancer cases were ascertained in this cohort through the State Health Registry of Iowa. Proportional hazards regressions were used to derive adjusted relative risks and 95% confidence intervals for the association between tea consumption and cancer incidence. After controlling for confounding factors, the authors found that regular tea consumption was related to a slight, but not statistically significant, reduced incidence of all cancers combined. Inverse associations with increasing frequency of tea drinking were seen for cancers of the digestive tract (<it>p</it> for trend, 0.04) and the urinary tract (<it>p</it> for trend, 0.02). For women who reported drinking >2 cups (474 ml) of tea per day, compared with those who never or occasionally drank tea, the relative risk for digestive tract cancers was 0.68 (95% confidence interval (Cl) 0.47–0.98) and for urinary tract cancers, 0.40 (95% Cl 0.16–0.98). Similar inverse associations were seen for specific digestive and urinary tract cancers, although site-specific analyses were not statistically significant. No appreciable association of tea drinking was found with melanoma, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, or cancers of the pancreas, lung, breast, uterine corpus, or ovary. This study suggests that tea, one of the most popular beverages consumed worldwide, may protect against some cancers in postmenopausal women. <it>Am J Epidemiol</it> 1996; 144: 175–82.
Oxford University Press
1996-07-15 00:00:00.0
TEXT
text/html
http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/144/2/175
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a008905
en
Copyright (C) 1996, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:144/2/1832015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:144:2
Cigarette Smoking and Warthin's Tumor
Pinkston, John A.
Cole, Philip
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS
The etiology of Warthin's tumor, a benign parotid gland tumor, is unknown. Recent evidence suggests a possible relation with cigarette smoking as well as increasing incidence. We reviewed the medical record of subjects with a major salivary gland tumor newly diagnosed in Jefferson County, Alabama, from 1968 to 1989, and identified 149 Warthin's tumors. The 533 cases with other major salivary gland tumors were used as controls. The analysis showed that 96% of Warthin's tumors occurred in whites. The relative incidence of Warthin's tumor among smokers versus nonsmokers was 7.6 for men (95 percent confidence interval 3.2–18.3; p < 0.001) and 17.4 for women (95 percent confidence interval 6.5–54.7; p < 0.001). Smokers of both sexes with Warthin's tumor smoked more heavily than did those with other salivary gland tumors (p < 0.001). From 1968 through 1988, Warthin's tumors steadily increased in number and as a proportion of salivary gland tumors (males, p = 0.003; females, p = 0.008). We also observed a significant increase in the incidence rate for Warthin's tumor (p = 0.041) but not for other salivary gland tumors. We conclude that Warthin's tumor is strongly associated with cigarette smoking and that the incidence rate is increasing. The disease is rare in blacks. <it>Am J Epidemiol</it> 1996; 144: 183–7.
Oxford University Press
1996-07-15 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/144/2/183
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a008906
en
Copyright (C) 1996, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:144/2/1882015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:144:2
Mortality of Kauai Residents in the 12-Month Period following Hurricane Iniki
Hendrickson, Lisa A.
Vogt, Richard L.
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS
On September 11, 1992, Hurricane Iniki struck Kauai leaving all residents without electricity and telephone services and damaging 70% of the homes. This study examined the hypothesis that Hurricane Iniki increased the mortality of Kauai residents by comparing mortality data for the 5 years preceding Hurricane Iniki with mortality data for the 12 months immediately following. Although the overall mortality rate was increased in the post-lniki period, the only significant increase was in the rate of diabetes mellitus-related deaths (relative risk = 2.61, 95% confidence interval 1.44–4.74). Hurricane Iniki did not appear to significantly increase the risk of dying of Kauai residents in the 12 months immediately following the disaster. <it>Am J Epidemiol</it> 1996; 144: 188–91.
Oxford University Press
1996-07-15 00:00:00.0
TEXT
text/html
http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/144/2/188
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a008907
en
Copyright (C) 1996, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:144/2/1922015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:144:2
Optimizing Power in Allocating Resources to Exposure Assessment in an Epidemiologic Study
Armstrong, Ben G.
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS
We consider an epidemiologic study with a fixed budget, in which resources may be put into increasing sample size or into improving accuracy of exposure assessments. To maximize study power (efficiency), improving accuracy is preferable if and only if the proportional increase in the square of the validity coefficient is more than the proportional increase in total study costs per subject that is required to achieve it. (The validity coefficient is the correlation between the true exposure and the approximate assessment in the study base.) This is most likely to be so if the cost of exposure measurement remains a small proportion of the overall costs per subject. The design with maximum power will not generally have minimum bias in measure of effect, so that alternative optimality criteria are required if this bias is important. <it>Am J Epidemiol</it> 1996; 144: 192–7.
Oxford University Press
1996-07-15 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/144/2/192
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a008908
en
Copyright (C) 1996, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:144/2/1982015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:144:2
RE: "THE FREQUENCY OF IDIOPATHIC PARKINSON'S DISEASE BY AGE, ETHNIC GROUP, AND SEX IN NORTHERN MANHATTAN, 1988-1993"
Morens, David M.
White, Lon R.
Davis, James W.
LETTERS TO THE EDITOR
Oxford University Press
1996-07-15 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/144/2/198
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a008909
en
Copyright (C) 1996, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:144/2/1992015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:144:2
THE CORRESPONDING AUTHOR REPLIES
Mayeux, Richard
LETTERS TO THE EDITOR
Oxford University Press
1996-07-15 00:00:00.0
TEXT
text/html
http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/144/2/199
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a008910
en
Copyright (C) 1996, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:144/2/2002015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:144:2
BOOK REVIEWS
Romelsjö, Anders
BOOK REVIEWS
Oxford University Press
1996-07-15 00:00:00.0
TEXT
text/html
http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/144/2/200
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a008911
en
Copyright (C) 1996, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:144/2/2022015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:144:2
BOOK REVIEWS
Brunekreef, Bert
BOOK REVIEWS
Oxford University Press
1996-07-15 00:00:00.0
TEXT
text/html
http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/144/2/202
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a008912
en
Copyright (C) 1996, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:144/2/2032015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:144:2
BOOK REVIEWS
White, Ian R.
BOOK REVIEWS
Oxford University Press
1996-07-15 00:00:00.0
TEXT
text/html
http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/144/2/203
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a008913
en
Copyright (C) 1996, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:144/2/2052015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:144:2
ERRATUM
ERRATUM
Oxford University Press
1996-07-15 00:00:00.0
TEXT
text/html
http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/144/2/205
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a008914
en
Copyright (C) 1996, Oxford University Press