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oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:145/4/2932015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:145:4
Progression of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection in Patients with Tuberculosis Disease: A Cohort Study in Bordeaux, France, 1988-1994
Leroy, ValÉriane
Salmi, L. Rachid
Dupon, Michel
Sentilhes, AngÉlique
Texier-Maugein, Jeannette
Dequae, Laurence
Dabis, François
Salamon, Roger
Groupe d'EpidÉmiologie Clinique du Sida en Aquitaine (GECSA),
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS
To assess the role of <it>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</it> disease in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, the authors compared survival of tuberculosis patients and controls matched on year of HIV diagnosis and CD4+ lymphocyte count. Patients were selected in the Aquitaine Cohort, which follows, since 1985, all patients infected with HIV, aged more than 13 years, in five hospitals. Time of inclusion of controls was the date of diagnosis of tuberculosis for the corresponding tuberculosis patient. Patients who had received primary prophylaxis against mycobacteria other than tuberculosis were excluded. As of June 30, 1994, 104 tuberculosis patients and 620 controls were selected; they were similar, except for history of intravenous drug use (tuberculosis patients, 51%, vs. controls, 31%) and AIDS-defining opportunistic infection (40 vs. 29%). Survival was shorter in tuberculosis patients than in controls (risk ratio 1.5, 95% confidence interval 1.2–2.1) even after controlling for differences at entry. The risk of AIDS-defining opportunistic infection or a decrease to fewer than 50 CD4+ cells/mm3 was slightly but not statistically greater in tuberculosis patients than in controls. Tuberculosis disease affected survival but not occurrence of subsequent opportunistic infections or rate of CD4+ count decline. Tuberculosis may be a marker of advanced HIV and may accelerate its course of infection. <it>Am J Epidemiol</it> 1997; 145: 293–300.
Oxford University Press
1997-02-15 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/145/4/293
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009105
en
Copyright (C) 1997, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:145/4/3012015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:145:4
Risk of Dementia among Persons with Diabetes Mellitus: A Population-based Cohort Study
Leibson, C. L
Rocca, W. A.
Hanson, V. A.
Cha, R.
Kokmen, E.
O'Brien, P. C.
Palumbo, P. J.
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS
It is unclear whether persons with diabetes are at increased risk for dementia, including Alzheimer's disease. Existing studies are limited by small sample size, selection bias, and case-control designs. This population-based historical cohort study provides estimates of the risk of dementia and Alzheimer's disease associated with adult onset diabetes mellitus (AODM). The sample included all persons with AODM residing in Rochester, Minnesota, on January 1, 1970, plus all persons diagnosed in Rochester or who moved to Rochester with the diagnosis between January 1, 1970, and December 31, 1984. Individuals were followed through review of their complete medical records from AODM diagnosis until dementia onset, emigration, death, or January 1, 1985. Standardized morbidity ratios for dementia and Alzheimer's disease were calculated, using an expected incidence based on age- and sex-specific rates for the Rochester population. Poisson regression was used to estimate risks for persons with AODM relative to those without. Of the 1, 455 cases of AODM followed for 9,981 person-years, 101 developed dementia, including 77 who met criteria for Alzheimer's disease. Persons with AODM exhibited significantly increased risk of all dementia (Poisson regression relative risk (RR) = 1.66, 95% confidence interval (Cl) 1.34–2.05). Risk of Alzheimer's disease was also elevated (for men, RR = 2.27, 95% Cl 1.55–3.31; for women, RR = 1.37, 95% Cl 0.94–2.01). These findings emphasize the importance of AODM prevention and prompt additional investigation of the relation between AODM and dementia. <it>Am J Epidemiol</it> 1997; 145: 301–8.
Oxford University Press
1997-02-15 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/145/4/301
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009106
en
Copyright (C) 1997, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:145/4/3092015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:145:4
Nicotine Patches in Smoking Cessation: A Randomized Trial among Over-the-Counter Customers in Denmark
Sønderskov, Jette
Olsen, Jøm
Sabroe, Svend
Meillier, Lucette
Overvad, Kim
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS
The authors examined the effect of 24-hour nicotine patches in smoking cessation among over-the-counter customers in Denmark, based on a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Participants were consecutive customers to whom nicotine patches were offered as the only treatment. Forty-two pharmacies in the areas of Aarhus and Copenhagen in Denmark participated in the trial, and 522 customers who smoked 10 or more cigarettes per day were randomized to either nicotine patches or placebo from January to March 1994. Customers with chronic diseases and pregnant or breastfeeding women were excluded from the trial. Twenty-four-hour patches were offered free of charge during a 3-month period. Those smoking 20 or more cigarettes per day started on a dose of 21-mg/day patches. Customers who smoked less started on patches of 14 mg/day; and for all of the participants, the dose was gradually reduced to 7-mg/day patches during the study period. Smoking behavior and compliance were recorded by means of self-administered questionnaires and telephone interviews. Smoking status was recorded in intervals of 4 weeks, which was fixed to be a treatment period, and 26 weeks after inclusion. There was a significant increase in smoking cessation rates after 8 weeks of follow-up but only among smokers who started on 21-mg/day patches. There was a marked placebo effect at each time of contact during the trial, especially in those smoking fewer than 20 cigarettes per day. Although the noncompliance rate was high overall due to discontinuation in the use of patches by relapsed smokers, noncompliance among successful quitters was low. More side effects were seen in the nicotine group than in the placebo group, but none of the reported side effects were serious. It appears that regular healthy smokers who were customers of nonprescribed nicotine patches and who received 21-mg/day nicotine patches benefited from the active treatment (44.1% stopped smoking after 4 weeks), but almost as many stopped smoking in the placebo group (37.3% after 4 weeks). No significant differences in smoking cessation rates were seen among smokers who started with the low-dose nicotine or placebo patches. <it>Am J Epidemiol</it> 1997; 145: 309–18.
Oxford University Press
1997-02-15 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/145/4/309
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009107
en
Copyright (C) 1997, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:145/4/3192015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:145:4
Maternal Age Modifies the Effect of Maternal Smoking on Intrauterine Growth Retardation but Not on Late Fetal Death and Placental Abruption
Cnattingius, Sven
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS
To investigate whether the effect modification of smoking by maternal age previously reported for small for gestational age births was also obtained for late fetal death and placental abruption, the author analyzed single births in Sweden (n = 1,057,711) from 1983 to 1992. An effect modification of smoking by maternal age was obtained only with regard to fetal growth: Compared with nonsmokers aged 40–44 years, the risk of small for gestational age births among women smoking at least 10 cigarettes per day in the same age group was 4.5, whereas the corresponding risk increase among teenagers was only 2.0. The present results support the hypothesis that smoking actually influences fetal growth more among older smokers. <it>Am J Epidemiol</it> 1997; 145: 319–23.
Oxford University Press
1997-02-15 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/145/4/319
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009108
en
Copyright (C) 1997, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:145/4/3242015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:145:4
Caffeine Intake and Delayed Conception: A European Multicenter Study on Infertility and Subfecundity
Bolúmar, F.
Olsen, J.
Rebagliato, M.
Bisanti, L
European Study Group on Infertility and Subfecundity,
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS
The effects of caffeine consumption on delayed conception were evaluated in a European multicenter study on risk factors of infertility. Information was collected retrospectively on time of unprotected intercourse for the first pregnancy and the most recent waiting time episode in a randomly selected sample of 3,187 women aged 25–44 years from five European countries (Denmark, Germany, Italy, Poland, and Spain) between August 1991 and February 1993. The consumption of caffeinated beverages at the beginning of the waiting time was used to estimate daily caffeine intake, which was categorized as 0–100, 101–300, 301–500, and >501 mg. Risk of subfecundity (>9.5 months) and the fecundability ratio, respectively, were assessed by logistic regression and Cox proportional hazard analyses, adjusting for age, parity, smoking, alcohol consumption, frequency of intercourse, educational level, working status, use of oral contraceptives, and country. A significantly increased odds ratio (OR) of 1.45 (95% confidence interval (Cl) 1.03–2.04) for subfecundity in the first pregnancy was observed for women drinking more than 500 mg of caffeine per day, the effect being relatively stronger in smokers (OR = 1.56, 95% Cl 0.92–2.63) than in nonsmokers (OR = 1.38, 95% Cl 0.85–2.23). Women in the highest level of consumption had an increase in the time leading to the first pregnancy of 11 % (hazard ratio = 0.90, 95% Cl 0.78–1.03). These associations were observed consistently in all countries as well as for the most recent waiting time episode. The authors conclude that high levels of caffeine intake may delay conception among fertile women. <it>Am J Epidemiol</it>1997; 145: 324–34.
Oxford University Press
1997-02-15 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/145/4/324
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009109
en
Copyright (C) 1997, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:145/4/3352015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:145:4
Effect of Caffeine Intake During Pregnancy on Birth Weight
Vlajinac, Hristina D.
Petrovic, Radmila R.
Marinkovic, Jelena M.
Sipetic, Sandra B.
Adanja, Benko J.
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS
The aim of this study was to examine the effect of caffeine consumption during pregnancy on birth weight and its possible interaction with smoking. The sample included 1,011 women who were interviewed during their first 3 days after delivery in one of the hospitals of Belgrade, Yugoslavia. A significant reduction in birth weight was found to be associated with an average caffeine intake of >71 mg per day, after adjustment for gestational age, infant sex, parity, and maternal height and weight, but only in infants bom to nonsmoking mothers.<it>Am J Epidemiol</it> 1997; 145: 335–8.
Oxford University Press
1997-02-15 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/145/4/335
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009110
en
Copyright (C) 1997, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:145/4/3392015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:145:4
Constructing Reproductive Histories by Linking Vital Records
Adams, Melissa M.
Wilson, Hoyt G.
Casto, Dale L.
Berg, Cynthia J.
McDermott, Jeanne M.
Gaudino, James A.
McCarthy, Brian J.
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS
Certificates of 1,449,287 live births and fetal deaths filed in Georgia from 1980 through 1992 were linked to create chronologies that, excluding induced abortions and ectopic pregnancies, constituted the reproductive experience of individual women. The authors initially used a deterministic method (whereby linking rules were not based on probability theory) to link as many records as possible, knowing that some of the linkages would be incorrect. They subsequently used a probabilistic method (whereby evaluation of linkages was developed from probability theory) to evaluate each linkage, and they broke those that were judged to be incorrect. Of the 1.4 million records, 38% did not link to another record. From the remaining records, 369,686 chains of two or more events were constructed. The longest chain included 12 events. Of the chains, 69% included two events; 22% included three events. Longer chains tended to have lower scores for probable validity. The probability-based evaluation of chains affected 3.0% of the records that had been in chains at the end of the deterministic linkage. A greater percentage of records in longer chains were affected by the evaluation. Unfortunately, the small subset of records that were the most difficult to link tended to overrepresent groups with the greatest risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes. Researchers contemplating a similar linkage can anticipate that, for the majority of records, linkage can be accomplished with a relatively straightforward, deterministic approach. <it>Am J Epidemiol</it> 1997; 145: 339–48.
Oxford University Press
1997-02-15 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/145/4/339
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009111
en
Copyright (C) 1997, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:145/4/3492015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:145:4
Tubal Ligation and Fatal Ovarian Cancer in a Large prospective Cohort Study
Miracle-McMahill, Heidi L.
Calle, Eugenia E.
Kosinski, Andrzej S.
Rodriguez, Carmen
Wingo, Phyllis A.
Thun, Michael J.
Heath, Clark W.
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS
Several studies suggest that tubal sterilization may decrease the risk of ovarian cancer. Data from the Cancer Prevention Study II were analyzed to examine the relation between tubal ligation and ovarian cancer mortality in a large prospective study. A total of 396,114 women who had not had hysterectomies and who had no prior history of cancer (except nonmelanoma skin cancer) were followed prospectively for approximately 9 years from 1982 to 1991. During this time, 799 ovarian cancer deaths were observed. Tubal ligation was significantly associated with a decreased risk of ovarian cancer mortality in an age- and race-adjusted Cox proportional hazards model (hazard ratio (HR) = 0.64, 95% confidence interval (Cl) 0.42–0.96), and the results were essentially unchanged when controlling for potential ovarian cancer risk factors (HR = 0.68, 95% Cl 0.45–1.03). The protective effect appeared to be greater in the first 20 years after the procedure (HR = 0.49, 95% Cl 0.24–0.99) than later (HR = 0.80, 95% Cl 0.48–1.34). No interactions between ever having had a tubal ligation and other covariates were observed. These data suggest that tubal ligation reduces the risk of fatal ovarian cancer. <it>Am J Epidemiol</it> 1997; 145: 349–57.
Oxford University Press
1997-02-15 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/145/4/349
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009112
en
Copyright (C) 1997, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:145/4/3582015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:145:4
Repeated Measurements of Vegetables, Fruits, {beta}-Carotene, and Vitamins C and E in Relation to Lung Cancer: The Zutphen Study
Ocké, Marga C.
Bueno-de-Mesquita, H. Bas
Feskens, Edith J. M.
van Staveren, Wija A.
Kromhout, Daan
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS
The authors studied the intake of vegetables, fruits, β-carotene, and vitamins C and E in relation to the incidence of lung cancer. For 561 men from the town of Zutphen, the Netherlands, dietary history information was obtained in 1960, 1965, and 1970. During 1971–1990, 54 new cases of lung cancer were identified. The data were analyzed using Cox proportional hazard analyses, adjusting for age, pack-years of cigarettes, and energy intake. No relation between intake of vitamin E and lung cancer risk was seen. For vitamin C intake, the results pointed to an inverse association, although not entirely consistently. Furthermore, it was observed that participants with low stable intakes (i.e., low in 1960, 1965, and 1970) of vegetables, fruits, and β-carotene experienced more than twofold increased relative risks of lung cancer than those with high stable intakes. For participants with low average intakes, relative risks were much lower and not statistically significant. The authors conclude that there is no apparent relation of vitamin E to lung cancer risk; however, for β-carotene, vitamin C, vegetables, and fruit, most studies, including the present one, suggest weak inverse associations. The use of repeated intake measurements to select subgroups with stable, highly contrasting intakes may be a promising approach for studying diet-cancer relations. <it>Am J Epidemiol</it> 1997; 145: 358–65.
Oxford University Press
1997-02-15 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/145/4/358
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009113
en
Copyright (C) 1997, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:145/4/3662015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:145:4
Explaining the Relation Between Education and Postmenopausal Breast Cancer
Heck, Katherine E.
Pamuk, Elsie R.
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS
The authors examined the relation between socioeconomic status, as defined by education level, and postmenopausal breast cancer incidence using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey I Epidemiologic Followup Study. Female participants in the study were followed from 1971–1974 to 1992–1993. Cox proportional hazards modeling was used to determine the relation between breast cancer incidence and education level. There was a direct dose-response association between education level and postmenopausal breast cancer risk. Several breast cancer risk factors, including height and reproductive-related risks such as nulliparity, were found to mediate this relation. Adjustment for these factors reduced, but did not eliminate, the positive relation between education level and risk of postmenopausal breast cancer; however, the association was no longer statistically significant. The association between higher education and increased risk of breast cancer appears to be largely explained by differences in the known risk factors for breast cancer. <it>Am J Epidemiol</it> 1997; 145: 366–72.
Oxford University Press
1997-02-15 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/145/4/366
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009114
en
Copyright (C) 1997, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:145/4/3732015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:145:4
Association Between Toenail Selenium and Risk of Acute Myocardial Infarction in European Men: The EURAMIC Study
Kardinaal, Alwine F. M.
Kok, Frans J.
Kohlmeier, Lenore
Martin-Moreno, José M.
Ringstad, Jetmund
GÓmez-Aracena, Jorge
Mazaev, Vladimir P.
Thamm, Michael
Martin, Blaise C.
Aro, Antti
Kark, Jeremy D.
Delgado-Rodriguez, Miguel
Riemersma, Rudolph A.
van Veer, Pieter 't
Huttunen, Jussi K.
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS
The association between selenium status and risk of acute myocardial infarction was examined in a multicenter case-control study in 10 centers from Europe and Israel in 1991–1992. Selenium in toenails was assessed for 683 nonfatal male cases with first acute myocardial infarction and 729 controls less than 70 years of age. Median toenail selenium content was 0.553 μg/g for cases and 0.590 μg/g for controls. After adjustment for age, center, and smoking, the odds ratio for myocardial infarction in the highest quintile of selenium as compared with the lowest was 0.63 . The observed inverse trend was somewhat stronger when the authors adjusted for vitamin E status (p = 0.05). Analysis stratified for smoking habits showed an inverse association in former smokers (odds ratio for the 75th-25th percentile contrast = 0.63 (95 percent confidence interval 0.43–0.94)), but not in current smokers (odds ratio = 0.97 ( 0.71–1.32)) or in those who had never smoked (odds ratio = 1.55 (0.87–2.76)). Analysis stratified by center showed a significant inverse association between selenium levels and risk of myocardial infarction for Germany (Berlin) only (75th to 25th percentile odds ratio = 0.62 (95 percent confidence interval 0.42–0.91)), which was the center with the lowest selenium levels. It appears that the increased risk of acute myocardial infarction at low levels of selenium intake is largely explained by cigarette smoking; selenium status does not appear to be an important determinant of risk of myocardial infarction at the levels observed in a large part of Europe. <it>Am J Epidemiol</it> 1997; 145: 373–9.
Oxford University Press
1997-02-15 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/145/4/373
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009115
en
Copyright (C) 1997, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:145/4/3802015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:145:4
Snippets from the Past: Seventy Years Ago in the Journal
Comstock, George W.
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS
Oxford University Press
1997-02-15 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/145/4/380
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009116
en
Copyright (C) 1997, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:145/4/3822015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:145:4
BOOK REVIEWS
Hu, Howard
BOOK REVIEWS
Oxford University Press
1997-02-15 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/145/4/382
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009117
en
Copyright (C) 1997, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:145/4/3832015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:145:4
BOOK REVIEWS
Baxter, Peter J.
BOOK REVIEWS
Oxford University Press
1997-02-15 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/145/4/383
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009118
en
Copyright (C) 1997, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:145/4/3842015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:145:4
BOOK REVIEWS
Mäkelä, P Helena
BOOK REVIEWS
Oxford University Press
1997-02-15 00:00:00.0
TEXT
text/html
http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/145/4/384
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009119
en
Copyright (C) 1997, Oxford University Press