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oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:145/6/4792015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:145:6
The Failure of Academic Epidemiology: Witness for the Prosecution
Shy, Carl M.
REVIEWS AND COMMENTARY
Academic epidemiology has failed to develop the scientific methods and the knowledge base to support the fundamental public health mission of preventing disease and promoting health through organized community efforts. As a basic science of public health, epidemiology should attempt to understand health and disease from a community and ecologic perspective as a consequence of how society is organized and behaves, what impact social and economic forces have on disease incidence rates, and what community actions will be effective in altering incidence rates. However, as taught in most textbooks and as widely practiced by academicians, epidemiology has become a biomedical discipline focused on the distribution and determinants of disease in groups of individuals who happen to have some common characteristics, exposures, or diseases. The ecology of human health has not been addressed, and the societal context in which disease occurs has been either disregarded or deliberately abstracted from consideration. By essentially assuming that risk factors for disease in individuals can be summed to understand the causes of disease in populations, academic epidemiology has limited itself to a narrow biomedical perspective, thereby committing the biomedical fallacy of inferring that disease in populations can be understood by studying risk factors for disease in individuals. Epidemiology should be redefined as a study of the distribution and societal determinants of the health status of populations. This definition provides a stronger link to the primary mission of public hearth and places an appropriate emphasis on the social, economic, environmental, and cultural determinants of population hearth. Epidemiology must cross the boundaries of other population sciences and add to its scope a macro-epidemiology, a study of causes from a truly population perspective, considering health and disease within the context of the total human environment. <it>Am J Epidemiol</it> 1997;145:479–84.
Oxford University Press
1997-03-15 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/145/6/479
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009133
en
Copyright (C) 1997, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:145/6/4852015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:145:6
"Kangaroo Court": Invited Commentary on Shy's "The Failure of Academic Epidemiology: Witness for the Prosecution"
Walker, Alexander M.
REVIEWS AND COMMENTARY
Oxford University Press
1997-03-15 00:00:00.0
TEXT
text/html
http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/145/6/485
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009134
en
Copyright (C) 1997, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:145/6/4872015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:145:6
Dr. Shy Replies to Dr. Walker
Shy, Carl M.
REVIEWS AND COMMENTARY
Oxford University Press
1997-03-15 00:00:00.0
TEXT
text/html
http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/145/6/487
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009135
en
Copyright (C) 1997, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:145/6/4882015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:145:6
Black-White Differences in Risk of Becoming Disabled and Recovering from Disability in Old Age: A Longitudinal Analysis of Two EPESE Populations
de Leon, Carlos F.Mendes
Beckett, Laurel A.
Fillenbaum, Gerda G.
Brock, Dwight B.
Branch, Laurence G.
Evans, Denis A.
Berkman, Lisa F.
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS
This study compared the odds of becoming disabled and recovering from disability among blacks and whites aged 65 years and over in two sites of the Established Populations for Epidemiologic Studies of the Elderly (EPESE) project. The authors examined the influence of mortality differences, socioeconomic status, and health-related factors on racial differences in risk of disability and recovery. A Markov model was employed using nine waves of data from the New Haven, Connecticut, site (529 blacks, 2,219 whites) and seven waves of the North Carolina (Piedmont) site (2,260 blacks, 1,876 whites), collected between 1982 and 1992. Blacks below age 75 years had an increased risk of developing disability relative to whites in New Haven (odds ratio (OR) at age 65 years = 3.33,95% confidence interval (CI) 2.13–5.22) as well as in North Carolina (OR at age 65 years = 1.58,95% CI 1.25–1.99). This excess risk diminished with increasing age, and crossed over in New Haven (OR at age 85 years = 0.45,95% CI 0.22–0.95), but not in North Carolina (OR at age 85 years = 1.22,95% CI 0.98–1.51). Adjustment for socioeconomic and health-related factors only partially reduced the excess disability risk among blacks below age 75 years in New Haven, but eliminated the difference in disability risk between blacks and whites in North Carolina. Blacks below age 75 years also had higher mortality risks at both sites. There were no consistent racial differences in recovery from disability. <it>Am J Epidemiol</it> 1997;145:488–97.
Oxford University Press
1997-03-15 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/145/6/488
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009136
en
Copyright (C) 1997, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:145/6/4982015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:145:6
A 5-Year Longitudinal Study of the Mini-Mental State Examination in Normal Aging
Jacqmin-Gadda, Hélène
Fabrigoule, Colette
Commenges, Daniel
Dartigues, Jean-François
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS
The Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) measures global cognitive performance and is often used as a screening test for dementia. This paper presents a 5-year longitudinal study of the MMSE score in a sample of 2, 537 non-demented French community residents aged 65 years and older who were participants in the Paquid Study in 1988–1992. Subjects were evaluated at the baseline visit (TO) and 1 year (T1), 3 years (T3), and 5 years (T5) later. Analyses performed with a random effects linear model showed that the score rose between TO and T1 (by 0.60 points for subjects aged 65 years at TO to 0.83 points for subjects aged 85 years at TO), then it decreased very slightly between T1 and T5 (by 0.02 points for subjects aged 65 years to 0.57 points for subjects aged 85 years). The improvement during the first year, which was larger for less educated subjects, may be explained by the stress due to the test situation at TO or by a learning effect at T1. The decline during the last 4 years was more pronounced for older and less well educated subjects. The cross-sectional measure of age effect was larger than the longitudinal measure of time effect. This difference may be explained by a cohort effect or by a practice effect induced by repetition of the test. The authors conclude that the MMSE score declines very slightly in non-demented subjects, thus suggesting that the cognitive processes involved are spared by the aging process. These results may have implications for dementia screening. <it>Am J Epidemiol</it> 1997;145:49–506.
Oxford University Press
1997-03-15 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/145/6/498
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009137
en
Copyright (C) 1997, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:145/6/5072015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:145:6
Smoking History in Middle Age and Subsequent Cognitive Performance in Elderly Japanese-American Men: The Honolulu-Asia Aging Study
Galanis, Daniel J.
Petrovitch, Helen
Launer, Lenore J.
Harris, Tamara B.
Foley, Daniel J.
White, Lon R.
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS
The associations between cigarette smoking history and later cognitive performance were examined among 3, 429 Japanese-American participants of the Honolulu Heart Program (HHP) and its extension, the Honolulu-Asia Aging Study (HAAS). Cognitive performance was measured by the Cognitive Abilities Screening Instrument (CASI), administered as part of HAAS (mean age at HAAS exam (standard deviation (SD)): 77.7 (4.6) years). Information on smoking history was collected during the first and third HHP exams (mean age (SD) at Exam III: 58.6 (4.7) years). Compared with never-smokers, those who had smoked continuously between Exams I–III and those who had quit smoking during that period had significantly lower CASI scores, after adjustment for age, education, Japanese acculturation, and Exam III alcohol intake. In multiple logistic regression controlling for the above covariates, a significantly higher risk of cognitive impairment (CASI score <82) was associated with continuous smoking (odds ratio (OR) = 1.36, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.10–1.69) and quitting between Exams I–III (OR = 1.36, 95% CI 1.03–1.80) compared with never smoking. This excess risk of cognitive impairment among continuous smokers and Exam I–III quitters was slightly diminished by further adjustment for body mass index and several vascular covariates. Additional analyses suggested a reduced risk of cognitive impairment among the longer-term quitters. This study suggests a positive association between smoking during middle age and later risk of cognitive impairment. <it>Am J Epidemiol</it> 1997;145:507–15.
Oxford University Press
1997-03-15 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/145/6/507
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009138
en
Copyright (C) 1997, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:145/6/5162015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:145:6
Relation of Social Network Characteristics to 5-Year Mortality among Young-Old versus Old-Old White Women in an Urban Community
Yasuda, Nobufumi
Zimmerman, Sheryl Itkin
Hawkes, William
Fredman, Lisa
Hebel, J. Richard
Magaziner, Jay
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS
This study examines age-related differences in the association between social network characteristics and mortality for aged white women. Subjects include a community-dwelling sample of white women aged ≥65 years (<it>n</it> = 806), who lived in northeast Baltimore, Maryland, in 1984. Three characteristics of social networks were measured: availability of network resources; contact with network resources; and integration into the neighborhood. The association of social network with 5-year mortality was examined with a proportional hazards model adjusting for perceived health status, impairment in physical activities of daily living, number of chronic conditions, and years of education. Analyses were stratified by age (65–74 years, ≧75 years). Elements of social network contact and neighborhood integration were associated with reduced mortality among women aged ≧75 years, but not among women aged 65–74 years. In the ≧75 years group, women who had no contact with children, friends, and group organizations showed hazard ratios (95% confidence intervals (CI)) of 3.1 (1.2–7.5), 2.2 (1.0–4.9), and 2.8 (1.2–6.5), respectively. Women who had lived ≦10 years in the neighborhood and women who had no interaction with local merchants showed hazard ratios of 2.5 (95% Cl 1.3–4.8) and 2.2 (95% Cl 1.2–3.9), respectively. Thus, both age and specific aspects of network structure were found to influence the association between social networks and mortality in elderly women. <it>Am J Epidemiol</it> 1997;145:516-23.
Oxford University Press
1997-03-15 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/145/6/516
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009139
en
Copyright (C) 1997, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:145/6/5242015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:145:6
Investigation of an Excess of Melanoma among Employees of the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
Austin, Donald F.
Reynolds, Peggy
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS
As a follow-up to an observed fourfold excess of malignant melanoma among workers at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Alameda County, California, the authors conducted a case-control interview study of 31 cases diagnosed during the period 1969–1980 and 110 individually matched controls. Respondents were queried regarding familial cancer history, health history, general health behaviors, socioeconomic status, sun-exposure history, skin sensitivity to sunlight, and detailed occupational and occupational exposure history. Measurements were taken of constitutional risk factors such as eye color and skin reflectance. The associations between nonoccupational risk factors and case status were consistent with those reported from population-based studies of malignant melanoma. Several occupational indicators of risk were strongly associated with case status. These included chemist duties (odds ratio (OR) = 8.0), as well as work around high explosives (OR = 3.0), volatile photographic chemicals (OR = 3.0), and sources of ionizing radiation (OR = 3.7). Multivariate analyses of these risk associations suggested each to have a reasonably independent relation to case status. After adjustment for constitutional and occupational risk factors of interest, the odds ratio associated with reported work around sources of ionizing radiation remained elevated (OR = 2.3, 95% confidence interval 1.0–7.6). The authors believe these results to be sufficiently suggestive to warrant additional studies of occupational factors and risk for malignant melanoma of the skin. <it>Am J Epidemiol</it> 1997;145:524–31.
Oxford University Press
1997-03-15 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/145/6/524
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009140
en
Copyright (C) 1997, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:145/6/5322015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:145:6
Invited Commentary: Are Low Radiation Doses or Occupational Exposures Really Risk Factors for Malignant Melanoma?
Wilkinson, Gregg S.
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS
Oxford University Press
1997-03-15 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/145/6/532
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009141
en
Copyright (C) 1997, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:145/6/5362015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:145:6
Use of Postmenopausal Hormone Replacement Therapy: Estimates from a Nationally Representative Cohort Study
Brett, Kate M.
Madans, Jennifer H.
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS
The objective of this study was to describe trends in the use of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) in the United States by demographic, life-style, and heart disease risk factors. Data were obtained from the Epidemiologic Followup Study to the First National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, a nationally representative cohort followed from the mid-1970s until 1992. A total of 5, 602 women who had become menopausal by their last follow-up interview were included. An estimated 45% of the cohort of menopausal US women 25–74 years of age in the early 1970s used HRT for at least one month and 20% continued use for 5 or more years. Between 1987 and 1992, as the younger members of the cohort became menopausal, the proportion of this cohort who had ever used HRT and used it for 5 or more years increased by 32% and 54%, respectively. A higher probability of HRT use was found among women who were white, who were more highly educated, and who lived in the West, or who had experienced a surgical menopause. Women who were overweight or who abstained from alcohol were less likely to use HRT. These data support the hypothesis that HRT use is associated with sociodemographic factors, and that women tend to discontinue use within several years. <it>Am J Epidemiol</it> 1997;145:536–45.
Oxford University Press
1997-03-15 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/145/6/536
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009142
en
Copyright (C) 1997, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:145/6/5462015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:145:6
Is There an Association between Preconception Paternal X-ray Exposure and Birth Outcome?
Shea, Katherine M.
Little, Ruth E.
Team, ALSPAC Study
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS
Diagnostic x-rays are performed commonly on men of reproductive age, yet little is known about the potential effects of these x-rays on the future unborn children of such men. This study examines the possibility that preconception diagnostic x-ray studies of fathers may adversely effect their newboms. The authors used prospectively collected data from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Pregnancy and Childhood (ALSPAC) for 7, 678 birth records for women who gave birth in the County of Avon, England, in 1991–1992. Birth weight, gestational age, and fetal growth of infants whose fathers received diagnostic x-ray examinations likely to deliver significant gonadal doses within one year prior to conception were compared with infants whose fathers did not receive such x-rays. The mean birth weight of babies of exposed fathers was 3, 358 g compared with a mean of 3, 437 g in the unexposed group (<it>p</it> = 0.055). A similar difference was noted for intrauterine growth, 3, 374 g exposed versus 3, 437 g unexposed (<it>p</it> = 0.078). The downward trend in birth weight and fetal growth (birth weight adjusted for gestational age) persisted despite control for infants' sex and important parental variables such as age, height, race, education, occupational exposure, parity, and maternal smoking. Because medical x-rays are the largest controllable source of man-made ionizing radiation, more detailed study of the potential effect of paternal x-irradiation on progeny seems justified. <it>Am J Epidemiol</it> 1997;145:546–51.
Oxford University Press
1997-03-15 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/145/6/546
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009143
en
Copyright (C) 1997, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:145/6/5522015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:145:6
Plasma Carotenoids and the Prevalence of Adenomatous Polyps of the Distal Colon and Rectum
Shikany, James M.
Witte, John S.
Henning, Susanne M.
Swendseid, Marian E.
Bird, Cristy L.
Frankl, Harold D.
Lee, Eric R.
Haile, Robert W.
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS
In a case-control study, the authors investigated relations between plasma carotenoid concentrations and the prevalence of colorectal adenomatous polyps (precursors to colorectal cancer) in residents of Los Angeles County and Orange County, California, from 1991 through 1993. Plasma concentrations of six carotenoids were compared in 472 asymptomatic cases with a first-time diagnosis of at least one adenomatous polyp of the distal colon or rectum and 502 matched controls. Odds ratios adjusted for age, sex, smoking, alcohol intake, and energy, saturated fat, and fruit and vegetable intake revealed no associations between any of the individual carotenoids and polyp prevalence or between total carotenoids and polyp prevalence. <it>Am J Epidemiol</it> 1997;145:552–7.
Oxford University Press
1997-03-15 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/145/6/552
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009144
en
Copyright (C) 1997, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:145/6/5582015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:145:6
Spatial Analysis of the Distribution of Lyme Disease in Wisconsin
Kitron, Uriel
Kazmierczak, James J.
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS
Surveillance measures for human cases of Lyme disease in Wisconsin were compared and associated with tick distribution and vegetation coverage. During 1991–1994, 1,759 confirmed human cases of Lyme disease reported to the Wisconsin Division of Health were assigned a county of residence, but only 329 (19%) could be assigned with certainty a county of exposure. Distributions of cases by county of exposure and residence were often consistent from year to year. Tick distribution in 46 of 72 Wisconsin counties was mapped based on collections by researchers, statewide surveys of infested deer, and submissions from the public. Satellite data were used to calculate a normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) for each county. A geographic information system (GIS) was used to map distributions of human Lyme disease cases, ticks, and degree of vegetation cover. Human case distribution by county of exposure was significantly correlated with tick distribution; both were positively correlated with high NDVI values in spring and fall, when wooded vegetation could be distinguished from agricultural crops in the satellite image. Statistical analysis of spatial patterns using a measure of spatial autocorrelation indicated that counties with most human cases and ticks were clustered in parts of western Wisconsin. A map delineating the counties with highest risk for Lyme disease transmission was generated based on numbers of exposed human cases and tick concentrations. <it>Am J Epidemiol</it> 1997;145:558–66.
Oxford University Press
1997-03-15 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/145/6/558
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009145
en
Copyright (C) 1997, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:145/6/567-a2015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:145:6
MILLER ET AL. REPLY
Miller, Anthony B.
To, Teresa
Wall, Claus
Agnew, David A.
Green, Lois M.
LETTERS TO THE EDITOR
Oxford University Press
1997-03-15 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/145/6/567-a
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009147
en
Copyright (C) 1997, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:145/6/5672015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:145:6
RE: "LEUKEMIA FOLLOWING OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE TO 60-HZ ELECTRIC AND MAGNETIC FIELDSAMONG ONTARIO ELECTRIC UTILITY WORKERS" AND "CANCER RISKS ASSOCIATED WITH OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE TO MAGNETIC FIELDS AMONG ELECTRIC UTILITY WORKERS IN ONTARIO AND QUEBEC, CANADA, AND FRANCE: 1970-1989"
Levallois, Patrick
LETTERS TO THE EDITOR
Oxford University Press
1997-03-15 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/145/6/567
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009146
en
Copyright (C) 1997, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:145/6/5682015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:145:6
DRS. THERIAULT AND ARMSTRONG REPLY
Thériault, Gilles
Armstrong, Benedict G.
LETTERS TO THE EDITOR
Oxford University Press
1997-03-15 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/145/6/568
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009148
en
Copyright (C) 1997, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:145/6/569-a2015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:145:6
RE: "SURVEY INFERENCE FOR SUBPOPULATIONS"
Wu Wen, Shi
LETTERS TO THE EDITOR
Oxford University Press
1997-03-15 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/145/6/569-a
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009150
en
Copyright (C) 1997, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:145/6/569-b2015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:145:6
THE AUTHORS REPLY
Graubard, Barry I.
Korn, Edward L.
LETTERS TO THE EDITOR
Oxford University Press
1997-03-15 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/145/6/569-b
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009151
en
Copyright (C) 1997, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:145/6/5692015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:145:6
RE: "TOTAL SERUM TESTOSTERONE AND GONADOTROPINS IN WORKERS EXPOSED TO DIOXIN"
James, William H.
LETTERS TO THE EDITOR
Oxford University Press
1997-03-15 00:00:00.0
TEXT
text/html
http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/145/6/569
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009149
en
Copyright (C) 1997, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:145/6/5702015-05-11HighWireOUPamjepid:145:6
RE: "GUIDELINES OF THE NATIONAL HEART, LUNG, AND BLOOD INSTITUTE WORKING GROUP ON BLOOD DRAWING, PROCESSING, AND STORAGE FOR GENETIC STUDIES"
ERRATUM
Oxford University Press
1997-03-15 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/145/6/570
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009152
en
Copyright (C) 1997, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:145/6/569a1997-03-15HighWireOUPamjepid:145:6
Re: "Total serum testosterone and gonadotropins in workers exposed to dioxin"
James, WH
LETTERS TO THE EDITOR
Oxford University Press
1997-03-15 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/145/6/569a
en
Copyright (C) 1997, Oxford University Press
oai:open-archive.highwire.org:amjepid:145/6/569b1997-03-15HighWireOUPamjepid:145:6
Re: "Survey inference for subpopulations"
Wen, SW
LETTERS TO THE EDITOR
Oxford University Press
1997-03-15 00:00:00.0
TEXT
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http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/145/6/569b
en
Copyright (C) 1997, Oxford University Press